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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hindfoot |
Talus & Calcaneus Part of the foot that has the first contact with the ground Influences other parts of the foot |
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Midfoot |
Navicular, Cubioid, & 3 Cuneiforms Transmits forces from hindfoot to forefoot |
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Forefoot |
Metatarsals & Phalanges Adapts to level ground |
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Functions of Foot |
Shock absorber as heel strikes ground Adapts to level of ground (unevenness) Provides stable base of support to propel body forward |
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Subtalar Joint |
Talocalcaneal Joint Inferior surface of talus to superior surface of calcaneus Plane synovial joint Inversion & Eversion (oblique axis) Works with transverse tarsal joint to allow foot the ability to adapt to many types of grounds |
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Transverse Tarsal Joint |
Midtarsal Joint Anterior talus & calcaneus to posterior navicular & cuboid Links hindfoot & forefoot Inversion & Eversion (oblique axis) Works with subtalar joint to allow foot the ability to adapt to many types of grounds |
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Metatarsophalangeal Joints |
MTP Metatarsal Heads to Proximal Phalanges Flexion & Extension, Abduction & Adduction, Hyperextension 1st MTP (big toe) = most mobile |
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Proximal Interphalangeal Joints |
PIP Proximal Phalanges to Middle Phalanges Flexion & Extension |
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Distal Interphalangeal Joints |
DIP Middle Phalanges to Distal Phalanges Flexion & Extension |
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Interphalangeal Joint |
IP Proximal Phalange of 1st toe to Distal Phalange of 1st toe |
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Foot Ligaments |
Contains joint capsule that is reinforced by collateral ligaments Deltoid Ligament: Posterior Tibiotalar, Tibionavicular, Anterior Tibiotalar, Tibiocalcaneal Lateral Ligament: Anterior Talofibular, Posterior Talofibular, Calcaneofibular Plantar Ligaments: Long Plantar, Short Plantar, Plantar Fascia, Spring |
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Deltoid Ligament |
Medial Malleolus to Talus, Navicular, & Calcaneus Strengthens medial ankle joint Helps maintain medial longitudinal arch
Posterior Tibiotalar: Medial Malleolus to Talus Tibionavicular & Anterior Tibiotalar: Medial Malleolus to Navicular Tibiocalcaneal: Medial Malleolus to Calcaneus |
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Lateral Ligament |
Lateral Malleolus to Talus & Calcaneus
Anterior & Posterior Talofibular: Lateral Malleolus to Talus
Calcaneofibular: Lateral Malleolus to Calcaneus |
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Long Plantar Ligament |
Plantar Ligament Calcaneus to Cubioid & Base of 3rd, 4th, 5th metatarsals Supports lateral longitudinal arch |
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Short Plantar Ligament |
Calcaneus to Cubioid |
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Plantar Fascia |
Plantar Ligament Calcaneus to Proximal Phalanges Prevents posterior segments (calcaneus & talus) from separating from anterior segments (tarsals & metatarsals) Increases stability of foot & arches |
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Spring Ligament |
AKA Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament Plantar Ligament Calcaneus to Navicular Supports medial side of longitudinal arch |
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Ankle Motions |
Plantarflexion & Dorsiflexion: Sagittal Plane & Frontal Axis
Innervation & Eversion: Frontal Plane & Sagittal Axis
Adduction & Abduction: Transverse Plane & Vertical Axis
Supination: plantarflexion, innversion, & adduction Pronation: dorsiflexion, eversion, & abduction |
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Ankle Positions |
Valgus: distal segment located away from midline Varus: distal segment located toward midline |
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Superior Tibiofibular Joint |
Tibiofibular Joint Head of Fibula to Posterior Lateral aspect of Proximal Tibia |
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Inferior Tibiofibular Joint |
Tibiofibular Joint Concave Distal Tibia to Convex Distal Fibula Syndemosis with no joint capsule Strong ligamentous support for ankle stability |
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Ankle Joint |
AKA Talocrural or Talotibial Joint Distal Tibia & Fibula to Medial Talus & Lateral Talus Tenon & Mortise Joint Uniaxial Hinge Joint Plantarflexion & Dorsiflexion Triplanar (oblique axis) |
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Ankle Motions |
Plantarflexion: foot moves down & slightly in (adduction) convex talus glides posteriorly on concave tibia Open-Chain: foot adduction Closed-Chain: leg laterally rotates on foot
Dorsiflexion: foot moves up & slightly out (abduction) convex talus glides anteriorly to concave tibia Open-Chain: foot abduction Closed-Chain: leg medially rotates on foot
End Feel= Firm (soft tissue stretch) |
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Arches |
Medial Longitudinal Arch: Medial border of feet Talus= keystone (receives weight of body) Lateral Longitudinal Arch: Lateral border of feet Rests on ground during weight bearing activities Transverse Longitudinal Arch Runs from side to side 2nd Cuneiform= keystone |
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Maintenance of Arches |
Shapes of bones & their relation to each other Plantar Ligament & Plantar Fascia Muscles & Tendons |
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Weight-Bearing Surfaces |
1st Metatarsophalangeal Joint 5th Metatarsophalangeal Joint Calcaneus |
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Extrinsic Muscles |
Originate on leg Superficial Posterior Group: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris Deep Posterior Group: Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Hallucis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus Anterior Group: Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus Lateral Group: Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis, Peroneus Tertius |
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Intrinsic Muscles |
Originate on tarsal bones of foot
Plantar Surface (Bottom of Foot): Superficial Layer: Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Hallucis, Abductor Digitorum Minimi
Second Layer: Quadratus Plantae, Lumbricals
Third Layer: Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Adductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Minimi
Deepest Layer: Dorsal & Plantar Interossei
Dorsum of Foot (Top of Foot): Extensor Hallucis Brevis, Extensor Digitorum Brevis |
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Gastrocnemius |
Origin: Medial & Lateral Condyles of Femur Insertion: Posterior Calcaneus Action: Knee Flexion & Plantarflexion (ankle) Innervation: Tibial Nerve (S1, S2) |
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Soleus |
Origin: Posterior Tibia & Fibula Insertion: Posterior Calcaneus Action: Plantarflexion (ankle) Innervation: Tibial Nerve (S1, S2) |
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Plantaris |
Origin: Posterior Lateral Condyle of Femur Insertion: Posterior Calcaneus Action: Knee Flexion (weak assist) & Plantarflexion (ankle) Innervation: Tibial Nerve (L4, L5, S1) |
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Tibialis Posterior |
Origin: Interosseus Membrane, Tibia & Fibula Insertion: Navicular, most Tarsals, & Metatarsals Action: Ankle Inversion & Plantarflexion (ankle/assist) Innervation: Tibial Nerve (L5, S1) |
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Flexor Hallucis Longus |
Origin: Posterior Fibula & Interosseous Membrane Insertion: Distal Phalanx of Great Toe Action: Great Toe Flexion, Inversion (assists), plantarflexion (ankle) Innervation: Tibialis Nerve (L5, S1, S2) |
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Flexor Digitorum Longus |
Origin: Posterior Tibia Insertion: Distal Phalanx of the four Lesser Toes Action: Four Lesser Toe Flexion, Inversion (assists), plantarflexion (ankle) Innervation: Tibial Nerve (L5, S1) |
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FDL, FHL, Tib. Post. |
Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus, & Tibialis Posterior intertwine to strengthen ankle and foot |
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Tibialis Anterior |
Origin: Lateral Tibia & Interosseous Membrane Insertion: 1st Cuneiform & 1st Metatarsophalangeal Joint Action: Inversion (ankle), Dorsifelxion (ankle) Innervation: Deep Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1) |
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Extensor Hallucis Longus |
Origin: Fibula & Interosseous Membrane Insertion: Distal Phalanx of Great Toe Action: Extends Great Toe, Inversion & Dorsiflexion (assist) Innervation: Deep Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1) |
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Extensor Digitorum Longus |
Origin: Fibula, Interosseous Membrane, & Tibia Insertion: Distal Phalanx of the four Lesser Toes Action: Extends four Lesser Toes & Dorsiflexion (assists) Innervation: Deep Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1) |
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Peroneus Longus |
Origin: Lateral Proximal Fibula & Interosseous Membrane Insertion: Plantar Surface of 1st Cuneiform & Metatarsal Action: Eversion (ankle), Plantarflexion (assists) Innervation: Superficial Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1) |
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Peroneus Brevis |
Origin: Lateral Distal Fibula Insertion: Base of 5th Metatarsal Action: Eversion (ankle), Plantarflexion (assists) Innervation: Superficial Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1) |
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Peroneus Tertius |
Origin: Distal Medial Fibula Insertion: Base of 5th Metatarsal Action: Assists in ankle eversion & dorsifelxion Innervation: Deep Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1) |
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Prime Movers |
Plantar Flexion: Gastrocnemius, Soleus Dorsiflexion: Tibialis Anterior Inversion: Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis Flexion of Toes 2-5: Flexor Digitorum Longus Extension of Toes 2-5: Extensor Digitorum Longus Flexion of 1st Toe: Flexor Hallucis Longus Extension of 1st Toe: Extensor Hallucis Longus No Prime Mover Action: Plantaris, Peroneus Tertius |
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Ankle Pathologies |
Shin Splints: exercise-induced pain along the medial edge of tibia; inflammation of periosteum Pes Cavus: abnormally high arch Pes Planus: flat foot; loss of medial longitudinal arch Metatarsalgia: pain around metatarsal heads Ankle Sprains Ankle Fractures: Bimalleolar Fracture= both lateral and medial malleoli Trimalleolar Fracture= both lateral & medial malleoli and posterior lip of tibia Plantar Fasciitis: overuse injury resulting in heel pain |
