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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of sex
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Male vs Female (based on genitalia)
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Define gender
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Masculinity vs Feminine
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Gender ideology
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Set of ideas about how men and women should act, think and feel
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What are examples of dominant ideologies related to sport?
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-Relating poor performance to playing like a girl
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What makes a sport female vs male?
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-Female sports emphasize grace, coordination and flexibility.
-Male sports emphasize strength, speed and power |
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Is it more acceptable (in society and the sport environment) for women to take on masculine characteristics or for men to take on feminine characteristics and why?
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-It is more acceptable for women to take on masculine traits because these traits are seen as more desirable and better than female ones. (Why would a man want to down-grade himself by taking on female qualities?)
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Do sports preserve or challenge gender ideology?
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Most sociologists would say that sports preserve gender ideology because they are...
-Male-dominated (being qualified in sports means possessing masculine traits) -Male-identified (NBA vs WNBA) -Male-centered (Men's lives are expected to focus on sports) |
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What are normative boundaries?
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-Accepted range of feelings thoughts and actions
-Sexual desire -Anything out of bounds is seen as gender non-conformity |
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Sexual verification testing
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-1996 Atlanta games women were required to pass an examination certifying that they were "real" women and given a "fem card" upon completion
-Caster Semenya 800m runner for south Africa -No testing for men |
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Views of women during the Olympics (1984)
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-Women seen as naturally frail
-People only wanted to pay to see women doing "lady-like" sports -1st women's marathon was in 1984 Olympics (LA) |
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What is Title IX?
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Title IX-educational amendment passed in 1972 that stated no one would be excluded from participation or benefits based on sex under any education program or activity that received federal financial assistance.
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What were the effects of Title IX?
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Title IX led to an rapid increase in the number of girls participating in sports teams in HS and College.
-# of HS girls participated in sports was ~10x higher in 2012 than it was in 1972 -# of College girls participating in sports was ~6x higher in 2012 than in 1972 |
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Should we expect an increase in future sport participation? Why or why not?
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-We should not expect a huge increase in this because of...
-budget cuts that take away from facilities and equipment -Resistance to legislation -Resentment of changes by those in power who would lose out if this happened -Confusing cultural messages (muscles are good but not too many) |
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How does a school pass the test for Title IX?
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-Proportionality test (provide opp. proportionate to full time undergrad enrollment 5% deviation allowed)
-History of Progress (continuing practice of expanding women's athletic program over 3 years) -Accommodation of interest test (Accommodates the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex) |
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What are the problems with enforcing Title IX?
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-Usually needs a lawsuit
-People would rather fix the problem than punish it |
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What are the arguments against Title IX?
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-Men's teams have been cut
-Men simply have a greater interest than women do -Revenue (not income)=Men's sports get more |
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What are the arguments supporting Title IX?
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-No requirement to cut men's programs
-72% of colleges who added women's sports w/o cutting men's sports-Interest follows opportunities -Revenue is not profit=60% of D1 football teams can't cover their own expenses |
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What would women like to see as a result of Title IX?
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Women want the same investment as men in order to better compare the 2
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Suggestions on how to improve Title IX
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-all sports cut spending by a specific %
-Change punishment -Reward schools that meet proportionality test -Label cheerleading as a sport -Football |
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Debate: Should boys be allowed to play on girls teams (at the HS and College Level?
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Yay
-provides = opportunities for success -increased chances for health benefits -Title IX calls for no discrimination based on sex Nay -girls aren't expecting to play against men -could be a distraction -boys have more opportunities and would take away a spot for a girl=goes against title ix |
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What are some problems with the don't ask don't tell policy with regard to sexual orientation?
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-ignores the issue
-leads to negative recruiting (don't go to their school because of...) -As long as they don't come out it's cool (Griffin Article) -Talent permits tolerance of homosexuality |
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What are coaches views and stereotypes for sexual orientation (specifically women)
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-No lesbian policy (Penn State Women's basketball Rene Portland)
-Sexual predator myth (negative impact on team cohesion) -homosexual males=weak |
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Facts about homosexuality & Football?
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-No active player has come out (a few retired ones have)
-Football is the arena of masculinity in which gay bashing helps them feel more masculine -NFL players feel the need to display or prove heterosexuality |
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What are some risks for homosexual athletes?
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-internalized homophobia (people start to believe rumors)
-Negative environment (can't be yourself, on-field performance issues) -Abuse (physical and verbal) -Loss of endorsements |
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Why do other aspects of ID receive more acceptance?
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-sexuality is not as apparent as race (larger representation of non white people on teams)
-overall for the most part there is a fear of being an ally |
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What are some ways homophobia is being addressed in sports?
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-Education for coaches-diversity training (they create a culture and atmosphere for the team)
-Promote connection among male teammates |
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Sapporito Article "Wonder Women"
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-1st olympics in which all countries sent teams of both men and women
-Women's boxing introduced -Makes note of China's emphasis on female sports because many countries don't invest in their female athletes as much and therefore contributes to their gold medal count -London proved that women's sports are not less gripping, serious or entertaining than men's |
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Griffin Article "Changing the Game: Homophobia, Sexism, and Lesbians in Sport"
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The creation of the mannish lesbian as a pathological condition by the early 20th-century male medical doctors provided an effective means to control all women and neutralize challenges to sexist status quo.
-The lesbian label can wipe out gains made by female athletes. -Female athletes are encouraged to display their heterosexuality -Antilesbian policies of college coaches -Must condem those who use the lesbian label as a deterrent -Increase visibility of homosexual athletes |
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Freeman Article "Secret Society"
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-Discusses homosexuality in the NFL
-As of 2003 the NFL was not ready for a gay player to come out-Story about teammates in SF -Thompson claims that there are some 100 and 200 gay or bisexual NFL players -Loves playing football more than he loved being himself -Flaunt heterosexuality - |
