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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central nervous system: |
brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system: -Automatic: - Sematic :
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Automatic :breathing rate, heart rate, fight or flight Sematic : * Tells us how to move |
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cerebral cortex |
* tells how and when to make your movement
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Thalamus: |
motor control |
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Basal ganglia: |
initiating and regulating movement - excites M1 neurons |
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Cerebellum: |
timing of the movements - coordination, balance, equilibrium - clock of the CNS |
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Brainstem |
Any messages that enter or leave have to go through it -basic attention, arousal, and consciousness
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Lateral pathway |
your limbs ( arms and legs ) neutrons bigger and more complex |
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medial pathway |
midway of body ( back, trunk ) smaller fewer less complex neurons |
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Luigi Galvani |
discovered that body moves bioelectricity by connecting a lightning rod to a frog and waited for lightning to twitch |
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alpha- motor neuron |
innervates skeletal muscle |
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direct alpha motor neurons |
from the brain down the spinal cord and directly activates that skeletal muscle |
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indirect |
have one extra synapse. Message starts in the brain down the spinal cord then likely to synapse in the spinal cord then flow to the muscle |
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motor unit |
alpha-motor neuron and all the extrafuisal fibers it activates |
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gama- motor neuron |
innervates interfusial muscle fibers * Provides information about the movement* Doesn’t cause movement |
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Helmholtz
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determined the speed of nerve conduction used a frog |
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ALS |
effects the amplitude of the nerve signal. Diminishes and the strength becomes weaker. Neuron becomes less active. Little to no electrical signal |
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MS |
damages the myelin sheath. Effects conduction speed. Can still signal but now it has to go all the way along the axon instead of jumping. Resulting in slow movement. |
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motor neurons (efferent ) |
transmits motor commands down the spinal cord |
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sensory neurons (afferent ) |
transmits signals to and up the spinal cord |
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occipital lobe |
the center of our visual perception * Contains the primary and secondary visual cortex* All visual info sent here |
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david huber |
single cell recording of primary visual cortex in a cat - found binocluar cells ( provide depth perception, right and left vision cross over ) |
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blobs |
help with colour and cylindrical shapes
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interblobs |
orientation sensitive, colour blind |
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pariental lobe |
planning and control of movement visuospatial skills |
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superior parietal lobe |
monitoring on going movement - ie. not dropping hot soup |
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inferior perietal lobe |
movement planning and select appropriate patter - ( right pattern to kick a soccer ball ) |
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left neglect |
* Caused by a right parietal legion
* Not a visual deficient it’s a attention deficit |
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blind sight |
* Stimuli must be moving
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temporal lobe |
visual object recognition and understanding speeech/language - location of hippocampus ( memory and learning; factual info and episodic memory ) |
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frontal lobe |
working memory - all conscious thoughts -contains primary and secondary motor areas |
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soft lesion |
doesn't show up on MRI - could cause a stutter |
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hemorrhagic stroke |
rupture of interior wall leading to bleeding within the brain * Blood very toxic to neurons causes cells to die and cant be regained |
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ischemic stroke |
blockage in the artery or within the brain * Lack of oxygen ( anoxia ) leads to neuronal death |
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phantom pain |
vivid pain in the absent limb |
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synaesthsia |
blending of the senses - ie. see colour from taste |
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supplementary motor area |
active for internally generated activities and sequence specific - projections on hand and fingers |
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bimanual coordination |
one thing can do one task while the other does a different one - eg. one hand poking while the other is flat |
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premotor area (PMA) |
triggered by external sensory and sends outputs to spinal cord SMA and M1 - important for visually guided movements |
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somatosensory apraxia |
inability to intergrade a tool into meaningful purpose |
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practix |
ability to conduct complicated movement |
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apraxia |
difficulty showing imitating movements - e.g. how to brushh your hair |
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ideational apraxia |
inability to evoke the appropriate action representation from long term memory (know what to do but can't do it ) |
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ideomotor apraxia |
inhibility to translate the appropraite innovatory patterns into action |
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developmental dyspraxia |
takes time to know how to say a word |
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left hemishpere |
langauge more complex neutrons then right hemisphere |
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right hemisphere |
visuospatial skills |
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corpus callosum |
links the two hemispheres |
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down syndrome |
perceive speech with their right cerebral hemisphere ( not meant for speech ) |
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split brain syndrome |
severed corpus callosum - what is projected to left eye goes to left hemisphere |
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brocas area |
responsible for speech |
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brocas aphasia |
can't speak words - understand what your asking but can respond |
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wernicke area |
understand language and comprehension |
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wernickes aphasia |
can speak words but doesn't make sense |
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innervation |
the distribution of nerves to a part of the body |
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innervation ratio |
the number of muscle fibres innervated by a single alpha motornueron |
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extrafusal fibres |
power producing muscle fibres external with respect to muscle spindles |
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intrafusal fibres |
muscle fibres inside of the muscle spindles |
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alpha motor neuron |
a neuron innervating power-producing extrafusal muscle fibre - faster then gamma motor neurone |
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motor unit |
alpha motor neuron and all the muscles it innervates |
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fusi motor neurons |
small neurons innervating Intrafusal fibres and changing sensitivity of muscle response to dynamic stretch |
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GTO |
located in the tendon of a muscle sends info using motor neurone detects force |
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fast twitch fatigable (FF - fast motor unit ) |
highest conduction velocity large fibre diameter innervate fast twitch muscle fibres |
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fast twitch, fatigue resistant ( FR ) |
medium conduction velocity medium fibre diamter Innervate fast and/or slow twitch muscle fibers |
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slow twitch, fatigue resistant ( SR ) |
slow conduction velocity small fibre diameter Innervate slow twitch muscle fiber |
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henneman principle ( size principle ) |
the recruitment of motor units within a muscle proceeds from small motor units to large ones |
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locked in syndrome |
Cerebromedullospinal disconnection Patient is conscious and awake but can not communicate due to paralysis of all (or nearly all) of their voluntary muscles |
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ferrier |
worked on human that smelled burnt toast before seizure which he used to locate part of brain causing seizures. Cut the portion of brain out. |
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penfield |
began mapping the functions of the brain with a wake brain surgery. |
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developmental dymelia: |
Can be caused by isomer of thalidomide Impact of cortical reorganization |
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mirror neurons |
Allow us to mirror someone’s actions or feelings the same cells fire at the same degree as watching and doing the action |
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corticobulbar fibers |
extend from the motor cortex to the brain stem - control facial musculature |
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thalidomide and developmental dysmelia |
incomplete development of the limb |
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supplementary Motor Area (SMA) |
active for internally generated activities sequence specific |
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premotor area |
triggered by external sensory events and delayed action - visually guided movements sends fewer outputs to spinal cord than SMA |
