Kin 492

Front 1

Fathers of Exercise Phys

Back 1

A.V. Hill

Otto Meyerhof

August Krogh

Front 2

First Exercise Phys lab in the U.S.?

Who directed the lab?

Back 2

- Harvard Fatigue Lab

- D.B. Dill

Front 3

Homeostasis

Back 3

Maintenance of a relatively constant, unchanging normal internal environment

- Not absolutely constant

- Physiological variables "vary" around a "set" point

- Used to describe resting state

Front 4

Steady State

Back 4

Balance btw demands placed on body and the physiological response to those demands

- Physiological variable is changing

- But not necessarily at resting level

Front 5

What is the goal of the control systems of the body?

Back 5

To regulate some physiological variable at a constant value.

Front 6

Components of a Biological Control System

Back 6

(1) Stimulus: Excites a receptor

(2) Receptor: Signals the integrating center of a disturbance

(3) Integrating Center: Signals effector to correct disturbance

(4) Effector: Corrects disturbance and removes stimulus

Front 7

Stimulus

Back 7

Excites a receptor

Front 8

Receptor

Back 8

Component of the biological control system that senses a stimulus or a challenge to homeostasis then will notify or send info to the integrating center related to the strength of the stimulus.

Front 9

Integrating Center

Back 9

Evaluates the strength of the incoming info from the receptor and then signals the effector to bring about an appropriate change.

Front 10

Effector

Back 10

Corrects disturbance and removes stimulus

Front 11

Exercise

Back 11

A test of homeostatic control

Front 12

(True/False) Body doesn't maintain homeostasis with exercise

Back 12

Ture

Front 13

Submaximal Exercise

Back 13

The body's control systems function well to maintain steady state (balance)

Front 14

Maximal Exercise

Back 14

- May result in an inability to maintain steady state

- Severe disturbances in homeostasis can occur (abnormal heart rhythums, heat exhaustion)

Front 15

(True/False) Physiological systems respond according to the metabolic need or demand

Back 15

Ture

Front 16

ATP

Back 16

- Immediate source of energy for muscular contraction

- Adenosine triphosphate: high energy phosphate molecule that is needed by all cells for energy

Front 17

Energy

Back 17

- Capacity to do work

- Needed by all cells particularly muscle cells/fibers to perform work

Front 18

ATP is composed of

Back 18

Adenine (base)

Sugar (ribose)

3 phosphates

Front 19

ATP-->

Back 19

ATP--> ADP+Pi+energy

Front 20

Muscle Belly

Back 20

Epimysium; the actual muscle

Front 21

Fascicle

Back 21

Group of muscle fibers; surrounded by perimysium

Front 22

Muscle Fiber

Back 22

Individual fiber covered by endomysium

Also called the muscle cell

Contains sarcolemma surrounded by the endomysium

Multinucleated

Front 23

Cytosol (Sarcoplasm)

Back 23

Where anaerobic ATP production occurs

Front 24

Myofibrils

Back 24

Located within a muscle fiber; there are bundles of myofilaments that slide across one another to cause a muscle contraction (Sliding Filament theory)

Front 25

Two types of myofilaments:

Back 25

Myosin: Thick myofilament (dark lines)

Actin: Thin myofilament (lighter lines)

Front 26

Myosin

Back 26

Giobular heads that pull the actin to shorten the muscle

Front 27

Actin

Back 27

Troponin: Calcium binding site

Tropomyosin: Runs length of actin myofilament & it covers the binding cross bridge of actin

Front 28

Myosin ATPase

Back 28

Enzyme located on myosin head that splits ATP

Front 29

Sacromere

Back 29

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle

Front 30

Transverse Tubules

Back 30

Tubes or tunnels that penetrate perpendicularly into a muscle fiber to allow for an action potential.

Front 31

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 31

Network throughout a muscle fiber that houses calcium.

Front 32

Acetycholine

Back 32

Neurotransmitter that is released from a nerve within the synapse to activate that muscle fiber

Front 33

Three Energy Systems:

Back 33

ATP-PC

- Anaerobic

- Phosphocreatine

Glycolysis

- Anaerobic

- Uses Carbohydrates

Oxidative Phosphorylation

- Aerobis

- Uses fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

Front 34

Aerobic Properties

Back 34

Oxidative properties

- Mitochondria and Capillary Densities

- Myoglobin Concentation

Front 35

Anaerobic Properties

Back 35

Glycolytic activity

Myosin ATPase activity (speed of contraction)

Myofilament concentration

Fiber size (larger fibers, greater force)

Maximal power output (power=force x shortening speed/velocity)