Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
important sensory components of motor control
|
propioception, touch, and vision
|
|
|
sensory info is essential for all theories of what?
|
motor control and learning
|
|
|
what sensory info is essential?
|
info before, after, and during the movement
|
|
|
touch and propioception are included as senses in what system?
|
the somatic sensory system
|
|
|
vision is a sense associated with what system?
|
the visual sensory system
|
|
|
there are other senses involved in motor control besides touch, proprioception, and vision. t/f
|
true
|
|
|
when we touch something, _________ in the skin activate to provide the _______ with info related to pain, temp, and movement
|
mechanoreceptors, CNS
|
|
|
where are mechanoreceptors located
|
just below the skin surface in the dermis portion of the skin
|
|
|
neural basis of touch includes what?
|
skin receptors that give info and mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
where is the greatest concentration of skin receptors
|
fingertips
|
|
|
types of skin receptors that give info
|
tactile receptors, pain receptors, temperature receptors, and pressure receptors
|
|
|
what do mechanreceptors detect?
|
skin stretch and joint movement
|
|
|
mechanical pressure and distortion
|
mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
role of tactile information; 4 movement-related characteristics influenced by tactile sensory info the CNS recieves from touch
|
movement accuracy, movement consistency, movement force adjustments, and movement distance estimation
|
|
|
decreases when tactile information is not available, especially at fingertips
|
movement accuracy and movement consistency
|
|
|
sensory feedback from this updates movement command center in the CNS to adjust this as necessary
|
movement force adjustments
|
|
|
tactile feedback could be used to improve the use of _________ to estimate movement distance when the beginning and end of a pointing movement is involved in touching a surface
|
proprioceptive feedback
|
|
|
research demonstrated this effect in pointing movements, reaching and grasping, typing on a keyboard, maintaining a precision grip, rhytmically tapping a finger, and playing notes on a piano
|
movement accuracy
|
|
|
2 ways research found effect of movement accuracy
|
anesthized fingertips or added touch to the performance
|
|
|
what kind of system is involved in regulating the amount of grip force as you move your cup to your mouth to drink a cup of water
|
closed-loop control system
|
|
|
the sensory system's detection and reception of movement and spatial position of limbs, trunk, and head
|
propioception
|
|
|
_____ recieves information from proprioceptors
|
CNS
|
|
|
where are proprioceptors located?
|
muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints
|
|
|
types of proprioceptors
|
muscle spindles, golgi-tendon organs (GTO), joint receptors
|
|
|
within fibers of most skeletal muscles
|
muscle spindles
|
|
|
type of proprioceptor that has mechanoreceptors
|
muscle spindles
|
|
|
detects changes in muscle fiber length (stretch) and velocity of the stretch
|
muscle spindles
|
|
|
muscle spindles are involved in what?
|
reflexes and voluntary movements
|
|
|
in skeletal muscle near insertion of tendon
|
golgi-tendon organs
|
|
|
detects changes in muscle tension (force)
|
golgi-tendon organs
|
|
|
what are GTOs not very good in?
|
detecting muscle length changes
|
|
|
type of proprioceptor that has not one type but several
|
joint receptors
|
|
|
detects changes in force, rotation, and movement angle
|
joint receptors
|
|
|
to answer "what is the role of proprioception in motor control", researcher have investigated which question?
|
what are coordinated movements like when skills are performed without proprioception?
|
|
|
deafferation techniques
|
sugrical deafferation, deafferation due to sensory neuropathy, and temporary deafferation
|
|
|
afferent neural pathways associated with movements of interested have been surgically removed or altered
|
surfical deafferation
|
|
|
what is deafferation due to sensory neuropathy sometimes called?
|
peripheral neuropathy
|
|
|
large myelinated fibers of the limb are lost, leading to a loss of sensory information
|
deafferation due to sensory neuropathy
|
|
|
"nerve block technique"
|
temporary deafferation
|
|
|
inflate blood pressure cuff to create temporary disuse of sensory nerves
|
temporary deafferation
|
|
|
what technique is used to alter proprioception?
|
tendon vibration technique
|
|
|
in the tendon vibration technique, high speed _______ of the tendon of the ______ muscle and __________ is distorted
|
vibration, agonist, proprioceptive feedback
|
|
|
role of proproceptive feedback in movement control
|
movement accuracy, timing of onset of motor commands, and coordination
|
|
|
in proprioceptive feedback, what type of movement accuracy is provided?
|
target accuracy and spatial and temporal accuracy for movement in progress
|
|
|
postural control
|
coordination
|
|
|
spatial-temporal coupling between limbs and limb segments
|
coordination
|
|
|
adapting to new situations requiring non-preferred movement ______ patterns
|
coordination
|
|
|
sensory information transmitted to the CNS about movement characteristics such as direction, location in space, velocity, and muscle activation
|
proprioception
|
|
|
in _____________ of movement control, proprioception feedback plays a significant role, where as in ______________, central commands control movement without involving proprioceptive feedback
|
closed-loop models, open-loop models
|
|
|
the _______ receives proprioceptive info from __________ that begin in ________
|
CNS, afferent neural pathways, proprioceptors
|
|
|
sensory neurons located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints
|
proprioceptors
|
|
|
these neurons pick up info about body and limb position and changes in position
|
proprioceptors
|
|
|
specialized muscle fibers that contain a capsule with both sensory receptors and muscle fibers
|
muscle spindles
|
|
|
muscle fibers in capsule of muscle spindle is also known as what?
|
intrafusal muscle fibers
|
|
|
spindles lie in parallel with ________ and are attached directly to the ________
|
extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle sheath
|
|
|
conduct nerve impulses very rapidly and are the primary sensory receptors in the muscle spindle
|
type Ia axons
|
|
|
wrap around the middle region of intrafusal muscle fibers
|
axons in muscle spindles
|
|
|
detect changes in muscle length and velocity
|
axons in muscle spindles
|
|
|
as mechanoreceptors, the sensory receptors of the muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle length which cause what?
|
a mechanical deformation of the receptor and result in a nerve impulse
|
|
|
within the muscle spindle are _________ that detect the amount of stretch as well as the speed if the stretch
|
stretch receptors
|
|
|
when a muscle stretches, the nerve impulse rate from the muscle spindle _________; when the muscle shortens, the rate _________.
|
increases, reduces
|
|
|
the muscle-length detection capability of muscle spindles allows them to detect changes in ________
|
joint angle in one axis
|
|
|
joint angles in one axis provides the basis for the muscle spindles distributed throughout the muscles that act on a joint to provide feedback about ____________________
|
complex patterns of muscle-length changes
|
|
|
the nerve impulses from the muscle spindle travel along afferent nerve fibers to _________
|
the dorsal root of the spinal cord
|
|
|
in the spinal cord, ____________divide into branches that allow the nerve impulses to do any of several things, depending on the movement situation
|
afferent fibers
|
|
|
if the movement is a simple reflex movement, the impulse follows a branch that synapses with _________ that activates the agonist muscle to produce the reflex movement
|
an alpha motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
|
|
|
This branch synapses with ___________ that inhibit activity of antagonistic muscles
|
inhibitory interneurons
|
|
|
This branch synapses with ________ that activate synergistic muscles associated with the intended movement
|
motor neurons
|
|
|
This branch continues up the spinal cord where it synapses with ________ to connect with areas of the brain responsible for motor control
|
interneurons
|
|
|
in the control of _________ the muscle spindle serves as a feedback mechanism
|
voluntary movement
|
|
|
research demonstrated through experiments involving muscle vibration and fatigue that the muscle spindles are the most important source of proprioceptive information to the CNS about the _____________
|
limb movement characteristics of position, direction, and velocity, as well as a sense of effort
|
|
|
the CNS uses the limb movement feedback in the control of a ______________ that must stop at a specific location in space and in the conrol of ___________ to ensure the spatial and temporal accuracy of the movements
|
discrete movement, ongoing movements
|
|
|
some researchers contend that the feedback from muscle spindles also assists the CNS in _________
|
movement planning
|
|
|
the GTO consists of type Ib sensory axons that detect ________
|
changes in muscle tension, or force
|
|
|
its sensory receptors respond to any tension created by the contracting muscle to which it is attached
|
GTOs
|
|
|
the axons of the GTO enter _________ and synapse on _________
|
the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, interneurons in the ventral horn
|
|
|
in GTO, the interneurons in the ventral horn synapse with ________________ that can cause inhibition of the contracting muscle and related synergistic muscles and that can stimulate _________ of antagonistic muscles
|
alpha motor neurons, motor neurons
|
|
|
some are the Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and Golgi-like receptors
|
joint receptors
|
|
|
all joints contain the same types of receptors. T/F
|
false
|
|
|
as mechanoreceptors, the joint receptors respond to _________
|
changes in force and rotation applied to the joint and to changes in joint movement angle, especially at the extreme limits of angular movement or joint positions
|
|
|
When performance of an action is under closed-loop control, proprioceptive information ________________
|
allows us to make movement corrections as we move
|
|
|
When an action is under open-loop control, proprioceptive feedback _____________________
|
is available, but we cannot make movement corrections as we move because of time limitations
|
|
|
rapid, ballisitic movement
|
open-loop control
|
|
|
Techniques used to investigate the role of proprioception in control of movement
|
surgical deafferation, deafferaion due to sensory neuropathy, temporary deafferaton, and tendon vibration technique
|
|
|
three of the techniques used to investigate role of proprioception that involve the observation of movement after deafferation in some way
|
surfical deafferation, deafferation due to sensory neuropathy, and temporary deafferation
|
|
|
means that the proprioceptive afferent pathways to the CNS are not available
|
deafferation
|
|
|
a procedure that researchers use to make proprioceptive feedback unvailable (through surgically severing or removing afferent neural pathways involved in the movement); it can also result from injury, surgery, or disease to afferent neural pathways involved in proprioception
|
deafferation
|
|
|
___________ involves the observation of movement while a tendon of a muscle involved in the control of a movement is vibrated, which ___________
|
tendon vibration technique, distorts the proprioceptive feedback that is normally received from the muscle and tendon proprioceptors
|
|
|
experiment results from surgical deafferation showed deafferented monkeys ___________________
|
could still perform the skils, but the degree of movement precision was notably less than it had been with proprioceptive feedback available
|
|
|
experiment results from surgical deafferation on patients who had joint replacement surgery and had no joint receptors available
|
patients had little difficulty in accurately reproducing the finger position from a starting point that was different from the orginal starting point, but they did have provlems reproducing the movement distance from these new starting points
|
|
|
for people who have a sensory neuropathy, the ____________ in various parts of the body are not functioning properly
|
peripheral afferent nerves
|
|
|
in some cases of people with sensory neuropathy, the _______ are intact
|
efferent motor pathways
|
|
|
Results from experiment using a patient with sensory neuropathy and a normal person with a pointing task
|
without visual feedback, the deafferenated patient was not able to reproduce movement accurately to a specific location in space
|
|
|
Results from experiment with a sensory patient and normal people where they had to make movements to remembered without vision in a smooth, continuous motion
|
sensory neuropathy patient made large limb movement spatial errors and did not produce smooth and simultaneous movements at the shoulder and elbow joints at slow, preferred, and fast speeds during movement
|
|
|
Vibration distorts ____________, which leads to a distortion of proprioceptive feedback
|
muscle spindle firing patterns
|
|
|
results from tendon vibration technique where applied vibration to tendons of biceps and they had to draw circles with both hands
|
vibration influenced the spatial characteristics of the circles
|
|
|
People can carry out certain limb movements in the absence of proprioceptive feedback. T/F
|
True
|
|
|
The timing synchrony between limbs that characterizes the performance of bimanual coordination movements is influenced by the lack of proprioception. T/F
|
False--it is not.
|
|
|
The influence of proprioception on movement accuracy appears to be due to __________
|
the specific kinematic and kenetic feedback provided by the proprioceptors to the CNS
|
|
|
Feedback about limb displacement provides the basis for spatial position corrections, which enable the limb to achieve ___________ by a continuous updating of limb position to the CNS, which in turn will modify the position accordingly, provided that the movement occurs for a sufficient amount of time to allow movement corrections to occur
|
spatial accuracy
|
|
|
Proprioceptors provide feedback about limb velocity and force, which influence ________
|
movement distance accuracy
|
|
|
Deafferenated patients use a _________ rather than proprioceptive feedback as the basis for the timing of the onset of movements.
|
central motor command
|
|
|
Two coordination characteristics influenced by proprioceptive feedback.
|
Postural control and spatial-temporal coupling between limbs and limb segments
|
|
|
In many tasks _______ is the preferred source of sensory information.
|
vision
|
|
|
What type of evidence from everyday experiences shows that vision is the preferred source of sensory information?
|
Beginning typists look at their fingers and beginner dancers look at their feet
|
|
|
What evidence from research shows that vision is the preferred source of sensory information?
|
The classic "moving room experiment"
|
|
|
Participants stood in a room in which the walls moved toward or away from them but the floor did not move
|
The moving room experiment
|
|
|
Lee and Aronson, 1974
|
the moving room experiment
|
|
|
the situation of the moving room created a conflict between what?
|
vision and proprioception
|
|
|
what were the results of the moving room experiment?
|
when the walls moved, people adjusted their posture to not fall, even though they weren't moving off balance. so people trusted their visual information more than their proprioceptive information
|
|
|
a clear surface that covers the front of the eyes; it serves as an important part of the eye's optical system
|
cornea
|
|
|
the opening in the eye that lets in light, its diameter increases and decreases according to the amount of light detected by the eye
|
pupil
|
|
|
the eye structure that surrounds the pupil and provides the eye its color
|
iris
|
|
|
the transparent eye structure that sits just behind the iris; it allows the eye to focus at various distances
|
lens
|
|
|
makes up 80% of the eye
|
sclera
|
|
|
surrounds the cornea, pupil, iris and lens; the anterior portion of this firm white capsule forms what we call the "white" of our eye
|
sclera
|
|
|
what is the sclera's function?
|
to help maintain the shape of the eye and protect the eye's inner structure
|
|
|
an attachment site for the extrinsic eye muscles responsible for eye movement
|
sclera
|
|
|
the eye contains two chambers of fluid called ?
|
aqueous humor and the vitreous humor
|
|
|
a clear fluid that fills the chamber between the cornea and lens
|
aqueous humor
|
|
|
a viscous substance that fills the chamber between the lens and the back wall of the eye
|
vitreous humor
|
|
|
neural components of the eye and vision
|
retina and optic nerve
|
|
|
primary components of retina
|
fovea centralis and optic disk
|
|
|
the eye structure that lines the back wall of the eye; as an extension of the brain it contains the neuroreceptors that transmit visual information to the brain
|
retina
|
|
|
where objects seen in central vision are focused and is therefore responsible for visual acuity
|
fovea centralis
|
|
|
where the axons of the retina's neurons converge to transmit information to the optic nerve
|
optic disk
|
|
|
retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells called?
|
rods and cones
|
|
|
one of two photoreceptors in the retina; they detect low levels of light and are important for peripheral vision
|
rods
|
|
|
one of two types of photoreceptors in the retina; they detect bright light and play critical roles in central vision, visual acuity, and color vision
|
cones
|
|
|
cranial nerve II
|
optic nerve
|
|
|
it serves as the means of information transmission from the retina to the brain's visual cortex
|
optic nerve
|
|
|
techniques for investigating the role of vision in motor control
|
eye movement recording, temporal occlusion techniques, and event occlusion technique
|
|
|
tracks foveal vision's "point of gaze"; i.e., "what" the person is looking at
|
eye movement recording
|
|
|
stop video or film at various times; spectacles with liquid crystal lenses
|
temporal occlusion techniques
|
|
|
mask view on video or film of specific events or characteristics
|
event occlusion techniques
|
|
|
important for depth-perception when 3D features involved in performance situation
|
binocular vision
|
|
|
examples of when you need binocular vision
|
reaching and grasping objects, walking on a cluttered pathway, intercepting a moving object
|
|
|
sometimes called foveal vision
|
central vision
|
|
|
middle 2-5 degrees of visual field
|
central vision
|
|
|
provides specific information to allow us to achieve action goals
|
central vision
|
|
|
how central vision helps reaching and grasping an object
|
specific characteristics info is required to prepare, move, and grasp the object like size and shape
|
|
|
how central vision helps walking on a pathway
|
specific pathway information is needed to stay on the pathway
|
|
|
detects info beyond the central vision limits
|
peripheral vision
|
|
|
upper limit typically ~200 degrees
|
peripheral vision
|
|
|
provides info about the environmental context and the moving limbs
|
peripheral vision
|
|
|
when we move through an environment, peripheral vision detects info by ____________
|
assessing optical flow patterns
|
|
|
rays of light that strike the retina
|
optical flow
|
|
|
two visual systems
|
vision for perception and vision for action
|
|
|
vision for perception
|
central vision
|
|
|
vision for action
|
peripheral vision
|
|
|
anatomically referred to as the ventral steam
|
vision for perception
|
|
|
from visual cortex to temporal lobe
|
ventral stream
|
|
|
for fine analysis of a scene e.g., form, features
|
vision for perception
|
|
|
typically available to consciousness
|
vision for perception
|
|
|
anatomically referred to as the dorsal stream
|
vision for action
|
|
|
from visual cortex to posterior parietal lobes
|
dorsal stream
|
|
|
for detecting spatial characteristics of a scene and guiding movement
|
vision for action
|
|
|
typically not availabe to consciousness
|
vision for action
|
|
|
coupling of a perceptual event and an action
|
perception--action coupling
|
|
|
research has shown that spatial and temporal characteristics of limb movements occured together with ________________
|
specific spatial and temporal characteristics of eye movements (perception--action coupling)
|
|
|
amount of time needed for movement corrections is concerns what?
|
vision's feedback role during movement
|
|
|
researchers have tried to answer this question since original work by Woodworth in 1899
|
what is the amount of time needed for movement correctons?
|
|
|
compare accuracy of rapid manual aiming movements of various MTs with target visible and then when not visible just after the movement onset
|
typical procedure in finding the amount of time necessary for movement corrections
|
|
|
in the typical procedure to determine the amount of time necessary for movement corrections, expect accuracy to be the same with lights off when _____________
|
no visual feedback needed during movement
|
|
|
the typical range for simple RT to a visual signal; currently the best estimate for the amount of time needed for movement corrections
|
100-160 msec
|
|
|
vision plays an important role in specifying when to initiate the action and make contact with the object in which ________
|
object moving towards person must be intercept, or person moving toward object needs to contact or avoid contact with object
|
|
|
vision provides info about ____________ object which ___________ uses to initiate movement
|
time-to-contact, motor control system
|
|
|
automatic, non-conscious specification based on changing size of ________
|
object to retina
|
|
|
when does movement need to be initiated?
|
at critical size
|
|
|
David Lee (1974) showed time-to-contact info could be specified by an __________, which could be mathemetically quantified
|
optical variable (tau)
|
|
|
the motor control benefit of the tau variable is _____
|
its predictive function which allows automatic movement initiation
|
