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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
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The circulatory and respiratory systems
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What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
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To deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from muscles and organs.
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What does the heart consist of, what system stimulates heart beat, and how does it receive its blood supply
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Consist of 4 chambers, the electrical system, and coronary arteries
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What are the upper and lower chambers of the heart called?
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The atria and the ventricles
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Where do the right and left sides pump blood to?
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Right goes to pulmonary and left goes to systemic.
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How does blood flow through the heart?
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From the heart to the right atrium to the right ventricle to the lungs to the left atrium to the left ventricle and out the aorta to the body.
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Describe the electrical sequence of a heart beat
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The SA node fires and the electrical activity spreads causing the atria to contract. It pauses at the AV node and then passes through the bundle of His, branches, and fibers and then causes the ventricles to contract.
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What are the contraction and relxation phases of the heart called?
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Systole and Diastole
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What are the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory system?
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The cardiovascular system carries oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and organs while the respiratory system carries carbon dioxide and waste away.
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What are capillaries and is blood flow faster or slower compared to arteries?
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Capillaries are thin and porous which allow gases, nutrients, and waste products to transfer across. Blood flow is slower then through the arteries.
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Capillaries are (open/closed) during exercise, and (open/closed) at rest.
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Open, closed
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If there is little pressure in the venous system, how does blood flow back to the heart?
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Respiratory Pump: During inspiration, chest pressure decreases and abdominal pressure increases creating a return from abdominal to chest.
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Define stroke volume
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Amount of blood pumped with each beat
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Define cardiac output
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Amount of blood pumped per minute
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Define oxygen uptake
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The amound of oxygen the body uses to produce aerobic energy.
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What happens to stroke volume, cardiac output, and oxygen uptake during exercise?
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They increase
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What is systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
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Systolic is the highest pressure obtained during the contraction phase of the heart, and diastolic is the lowest pressure obtained in the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle.
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What is the capacity of the lungs and how many alveoli are present?
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4 to 6 liters, over 300 million alveoli
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What are alveoli?
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Thin, elastic membranous sacs
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During inspiration, why does air rush into the lungs?
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Because the atmospheric air pressure is greater than the pressure inside the lungs.
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Why does the space in the chest cavity increase during inspiration?
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The diaphragm is lowered and ribs are raised.
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What is aerobic capacity?
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How much oxygen your body holds during exercise
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What are the three factors you can manipulate to produce progressive overload?
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Frequency, intensity, time
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What is aerobic intensity based upon?
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% of VO2 max, which can be inferred from HR max or rating of perceived exertion.
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What is the minimum threshold for aerobic training?
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50-85% of VO2 max and 70-90% of HR max
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What perceived exertion should aerobic training be done at?
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Somewhat hard to hard
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What kind of relationship is there between VO2max and HRmax?
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Linear
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What is the equation to estimate HRmax?
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220-age
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What are the guidelines for fitness for aerobic training?
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3-5 days/week, duration of 20-60 minutes
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How many calories per week should you expend in physical activity?
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1000-3000
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What happens to fat and carbohydrate metabolism with aerobic training?
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Increases
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How does heart hypertrophy react to aerobic training and weight training?
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Increases with aerobic, no response to weight training.
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What is energy and what types are there?
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The capacity to do work. There is mechanical, chemical, light, nuclear, heat, or electrical.
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What is the chemical energy in food transformed into?
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Mechanical energy
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Decribe the biological energy cycle.
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Energy from the sun is used by plants to build food, giving off oxygen. Plants and animals use oxygen to break down foods and provide energy.
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What compund is made from the breakdown of food and is used to allow the cells of the body to work?
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ATP
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Describe ATP
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Stored chemical energy used to link the energy yielding and energy requiring functions of all cells. Allows cells to perform work.
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What are the systems for ATP production in the body?
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Phosphagen ATP-PC system, anaerobic lactic acid system, aerobic oxidative systems
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Describe the chemical compound phosphocreatine.
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A high energy phosphagen
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How much energy is created by the ATP PC system
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Fast energy=small amount
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How many seconds of all out exercise will the ATP PC system support?
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3-5 seconds
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What are some examples of activities that use the ATP PC system.
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Quick starts of sprinters, football players, high jumpers
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What are ways to enhance or deplete the strorage of phosphate creatine?
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To enhance you get bigger, train, change diet. To deplete- stop, you can't get bigger
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What fuel is used to perform anaerobic glycolysis?
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Carbs
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What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
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Lactic acid
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Where is glucose and glycogen stored in the body?
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Liver, muscles
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How many minutes of high intensity work will anaerobic glycolysis support?
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<3 minutes
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What is the limiting factor for anaerobic glycolysis?
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Production of lactic acid
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Compare the production of lactic acid in maximal and submaximal exercise.
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More lactic acid is made during maximal exercise.
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What happens when lactic acid builds up in the muscle from high intensity work?
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Inhibits muscle contraction
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What is the mitochondria, and why is it called the powerhouse of the cell?
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A special subcellular structure where most of the cell's energy is made
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What role does protein metabolism play in energy production?
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Small role, 5-15%
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Where does fat enter into aerobic metabolism?
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Beta oxidation prepares it for entry into the krebs cycle and ETS.
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How much ATP is produced from the aerobic metabolism of one mole of fat, is this more or less than the amount produced by carbs?
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120-160 ATP, less than what is made by carbs
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Is it good advice to tell someone to exercise at a low intesity so you burn more fat?
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Yes, you burn more fat at a lower intensity.
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Are you producing energy aerobically or anaerobically at rest? What percent of your calories come from fat and carbs? How much lactic acid is produced?
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Aerobically, 80%, 1/3, none
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What determines how the body is producing energy during exercise?
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Intensity, state of training, and diet
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Which of the potential fuel stores in your body has the greatest potential energy?
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Fat, 9 kcals/mole
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What is the primary fuel during very low intensity exercise? What happens as you increase intensity?
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Fat is primary fuel in low intensity, carbs become fuel as you increase intensity.
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What is progressive overload?
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When the physiologic demand is greater than what you are used to
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What might a workout look like designed for the ATP PC system?
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Interval training
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How would a workout designed to train the lactic acid system differ from an aerobic workout?
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Lactic acid workout would be short, <3 minutes. Aerobic workout is continuous high intensity, 4-6 minute intervals.
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What is the principle of reversibility?
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Improvements made with training gradually lost after detraining.
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How soon will you see a measurable loss of fitness after detraining?
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2 weeks
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What % loss VO2 max will you see after 4-12 weeks of detraining?
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50%
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When will you return to pre-training levels with detraining, what affects how quickly you detrain?
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8 weeks-10 months, depends on fitness level prior to detraining.
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Do you lose muscular endurance or strength faster?
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Endurance
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