Kin 308 - 10/19 Test

Front 1

Physical Growth –

Back 1

quantitative increase in size

Front 2

Physical maturation –

Back 2

Qualitative advance in biological make up, cell, organ, or system

Front 3

Aging –

Back 3

Process occurring with the passage of time. Leading to a loss of ability of full function, leading ultimately to death.

Front 4

Stability –

Back 4

the ability to resist movement

Front 5

Balance –

Back 5

The ability to maintain equilibrium

Front 6

Development –

Back 6

1) Continuous process of change in function capacity
2) Is related to-but not dependent on- age
3) Involves sequential change
4) Multiple aspects: cognitive, social, physical, motor…

Front 7

4 Domains of human development:

Back 7

Afferent, cognitive, motor, and physical

Front 8

Cognitive domain of development –

Back 8

Concerns human intellectual development

Front 9

Affective domain of development –

Back 9

Concerned with the social and emotional aspects of human development

Front 10

Physical Domain of development –

Back 10

Physical change

Front 11

Motor domain of development –

Back 11

Development of human movement and factors that affect that development

Front 12

Characteristics of motor development:

Back 12

involves change in movement behavior. Is sequential, age-related, and continuous. Depends on the underlying processes.

Front 13

Motor learning: The relatively _________ gains in motor skill capacity associated with practice or experience

Back 13

permanent

Front 14

Motor control –

Back 14

the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement

Front 15

Constraints –

Back 15

limits that 1) discourage certain movements, 2) permit or encourage certain movements, or 3) shape movements. The three main ones are individual constraints, environmental constraints, and task constraints. Represented as a triangle by “Newell’s model of constraints”

Front 16

Individual constraints –

Back 16

An individual’s unique physical and mental characteristics. the top point of the triangle. Has two sides: Structural and Functional.

Front 17

Structural Constraints –

Back 17

one of the two sub-groups of “individual constraints”. Is related to an individual’s body structure. The constraints change with growth and time. Examples include weight, height, muscles mass…

Front 18

Functional constraints –

Back 18

one of the two subgroups of “individual constraints”. Not related to structure but more behavioral function. Examples include: motivation, fear, expectations. Can change very quickly

Front 19

Environmental constraints –

Back 19

related to the world around us. Can be the sociocultural environment, the natural environment (trees, rain, sunshine, gravity), or artificial environment (indoor lighting, slippery floors, etc). Not task specific

Front 20

Task constraints –

Back 20

Related to the rules and equipment required for the actions

Front 21

3 Theories of Motor development –

Back 21

1)Maturation perspective, 2) information process perspective, 3) Ecological perspective

Front 22

Maturation perspective –

Back 22

Motor development driven by maturation of system. Neural system is the most important. The environment has a minimal influence on the maturation process. Is qualitative. Development ends at puberty

Front 23

Assumptions of the Maturation Perspective:

Back 23

Motor development is internal or innate process driven by a biological clock. Environment may influence (slow, quicken) the process of change but wont change the pre-determined course

Front 24

Information Processing Perspective –

Back 24

Focuses on behavioral or environmental cause of development. Basic tenant: The brain is like a computer and the passive human just responds to stimuli in the environment

Front 25

Ecological perspective:

Back 25

States that development is driven by the interrelationship of individual, task, and environment. States that coordinated behavior is soft-wired instead of hardwired, Has two categories: Dynamical Systems approach and perception-action approach. Rejects the idea that the CNS is the executive controller Control is distributed throughout the body at local and global levels.

Front 26

Dynamical Systems approach –

Back 26

one of the two subgroups in the ecological perspective. States that different systems in the body develop at different rates and the slowest one is the “Rate Limiter” or “Rate Controller”. Being softwired also lets you adapt to many different situations.

Front 27

Perception-Action Approach –

Back 27

Promotes the interrelationship between our perceptual system and the motor system. According to the theory, development of perceptual system and motor system must be studied together

Front 28

Affordance –

Back 28

the function an environmental object provides to an individual.

Front 29

Body scaling –

Back 29

Using an individual’s body proportions when making movement decision

Front 30

Post-natal development –

Back 30

the growth of the body following birth

Front 31

Ossification –

Back 31

occurs in the middle of the long bones as they grow. Occurs prenataly. Is when calcium and minerals enter protein matrix to make bones, shafts ossify outwards,

Front 32

Primary Ossification centers –

Back 32

in the mid –portions of the long bones

Front 33

Secondary ossification centers –

Back 33

where bones get longer postnataly. Includes Epiphyseal plate, growth plates, and pressure epiphyseal

Front 34

Shape of a normal growth chart -

Back 34

sigmoidal (s-shaped)

Front 35

Apposition –

Back 35

increase in bone growth

Front 36

Traction epiphyses –

Back 36

where muscle attach to bones.

Front 37

Hyperplasia –

Back 37

increase in the number of muscle fibers. Prenatal

Front 38

Hypertrophy –

Back 38

increase in the size of cells (specifically muscle fibers). Adding more sarcomeres.

Front 39

Wolf’s law –

Back 39

healthy bone adapts to the loads placed on it

Front 40

Adipose development –

Back 40

fat increases rapidly until 6 months then more gradually until 8 months. Increases through both hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Front 41

Growth hormone –

Back 41

released by anterior pituitary, necessary for normal growth

Front 42

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine –

Back 42

released by the thyroid. Influences whole body growth and metabloism

Front 43

Endocrine system -

Back 43

plays a roll in regulating growth and maturation through hormones. A deficit can alter growth

Front 44

Thyroid Hormones –

Back 44

Influences growth and metabolism through.

Front 45

Gonadal Hormones –

Back 45

Sex hormones. Has two main types: Androgen and estrogen
Androgen – secreted by testes (boys) and adrenal cortex (boys, girls). Hastens epiphyseal plate closure. Promotes growth of muscle mass
Estrogen – secreted by ovaries (girls) and adrenal cortex (girls, boys). Hastens epiphyseal growth plat closure. Promotes accumulation of fat.

Front 46

Genes –

Back 46

Play a large part in the development of the spine and peripheral nerves. Baby’s brain is about a 1/3rd the size of an adult.

Front 47

Extrinsic Factors –

Back 47

exert influence especially in the formation of synaptic connections.

Front 48

Neurons –

Back 48

Late in the prenatal period, neurons start to fire electrical impulses (first at random then forming circuits. Neural networks become more efficient with experience.

Front 49

Post-Natal Brain –

Back 49

Brain growth occurs rapidly after birth. Growth includes these factors: Increase in size of neurons, prolific branching to form synapses, increases in glial cells for support and nourishment of neurons, stimulations of learning increases number of synaptic connections

Front 50

Stimulation of learning increases number of ________ __________

Back 50

synaptic connections

Front 51

Brain Structure sand birth –

Back 51

Spinal cord and lower brain center are relatively advanced at birth. Cerebral cortex gradually becomes more functional after birth.

Front 52

Extrinsic Factors –

Back 52

play a greater role as one moves though life (genetic factors’ influence decreases with age

Front 53

Model of constraints -

Back 53

Shows that a system can work as an accelerator or rate limiter

Front 54

Critical period is when ...

Back 54

someone is most sensitive to the environment and if the child is stimulated during this, the associated behavior is most likely to occur.

Front 55

Readiness is

Back 55

the establishment of minimum characteristics necessary for a particular human behavior to be acquired. Depends on an adequate level of physical growth, associated neurological patterns, and sufficient motivation.

Front 56

Catch up

Back 56

the human’s ability “stabilize and return to a predetermined behavior or growth pattern “after being pushed off trajectory”. Associated with physical growth and motor development.

Front 57

“Catch up growth” is

Back 57

a phase of rapid growth following the end of a period of restriction

Front 58

Types of restrictions:

Back 58

Malnutrition, psychosocial deprivation, or youth in sports

Front 59

Marasmus –

Back 59

“dying away”. A type of malnutrition. Form of protein calorie malnutrition(PCM)/protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Progress wasting of subcutaneous fat and muscle. Predominant form of PEM in developing countries. Referred to as “dry” PEM.

Front 60

Kwashiorkor –

Back 60

Usually affects 1-4 yo. Form of PEM. Causes retarded growth, change to skin and hair, edema (in the belly specifically), pathological changes in the liver. Not as common as marasmus. Found in parts of the world with starchy staple foods (lack of protien). Considered “wet” PEM.

Front 61

Deprivation dwarfism –

Back 61

“Psychosocial Dwarfism” or “psychosocial short stature”. Is a negative influence on human growth. Emotional disturbances is registered in the higher center of the brain, which is conveyed to the to the hypothalamus. Can happen regardless of proper nutrition.

Front 62

Somatotropin –

Back 62

the growth hormone that is released by the hypothalamus and limited in emotionally negative situations (psychosocial dwarfism)

Front 63

Case study: Anna –

Back 63

Severe victim of deprivation due to isolation. Left in the attic until 6. At 11 she could walk and run clumsily, but did not speak in complete sentence. Died at 11.

Front 64

Case study: Atkinson Case:

Back 64

Was locked in a closet for months at a time. Arrest lines in her bones were consistent with times of maximal stress in her home; catch up growth occurred when she was removed from the stressful environment. She was a foot shorter than normal and weighed 25lbs.

Front 65

Female Athletic Triad –

Back 65

A triangle that show the three main issues for females deal with. :
Eating disorders
Amenorrhea – Delayed/nonexistent period
Increased risk of stress
Bone mineral loss – fractures and osteoporosis

Front 66

- Infant stature measured as

Back 66

recumbent length. Measured until the child can stand on their own. Defined as the measurement from the vertex to the soles.

Front 67

Average height at birth:

Back 67

20 in (female)

Front 68

- Average height at 1 year:

Back 68

30 in (female)

Front 69

Adolescence –

Back 69

The period of life from puberty to adulthood. Is when only 20% of our adult stature is gained. Growth taper off at 14 for girls and 17 for guys. The extra 2-3 years of extra growth in males accounts for the extra 4-5 in men vs women

Front 70

Peak velocity –

Back 70

the period of fastest growth. 11.5-12 for females, 13.5-14 for males,

Front 71

Stature –

Back 71

remains the same most of adulthood, but can decrease later in life for reasons such as: flattening of connective tissues (esp. in spine), and loss of bone mineral density can lead to osteoporosis and collapse of vertebrae

Front 72

At birth ,weight is more variable than...

Back 72

length at birth.

Front 73

The weight is more variable because

Back 73

the weight is very susceptible to extrinsic factors.

Front 74

Average weight at birth

Back 74

f=~7lbs and m=~7.5lbs

Front 75

Average weight at 1 year

Back 75

f=~21lbs and m=~22.5lbs

Front 76

Year 2 weight gain:

Back 76

5.5 lbs growth

Front 77

Years 3-5 can see gains of

Back 77

4.5lbs/year

Front 78

Year 6 to adolescent can see gains

Back 78

up to 6.5lbs/year

Front 79

In adolescence females gain approximately

Back 79

45 lbs, males 55lbs

Front 80

Weight is primarily determined by _______ factors

Back 80

extrinsic

Front 81

Parts of the body develop at different rates. For example, a baby’s head is

Back 81

1/4th of it’s height while an adult’s head it 1/8th of it’s total height

Front 82

Legs grow faster than the

Back 82

head and the trunk during infancy and early childhood and again in adolescence.

Front 83

- Growth in height results mostly from an increase in ______ length during lat adolescence and early adulthood.

Back 83

trunk

Front 84

W.H. Sheldon –

Back 84

(1940) assessed body types into three categories referred to at “Somatotypes”:

Front 85

- Endomorph: “short and soft”.

Back 85

Characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist, and large bone structure.

Front 86

- Mesomorph: “Muscular”

Back 86

Characterized by medium bones, predisposed to building muscle, upside down triangle shape, solid torso.

Front 87

- Ectomorphs:

Back 87

Characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage. Not predisposed to store fat or build muscle

Front 88

Later on, scientists developed a more scientific method

Back 88

Ecto-meso-endo

Front 89

Legs grow faster than the

Back 89

head and the trunk during infancy and early childhood and again in adolescence.

Front 90

Finding the Ecto-meso-endo numbers:

Back 90

1) Calculate height to weight ratio (height cm)/(mass^1/3)
2) Sum tricep, subscapular, and suprailliac skin folds and calculate x
3) Correct arm and leg girths
4) Calculate endomorphy using equation where x= (sum or triceps, subscapular, and suprasinal skin folds)
5) Calculate Mesomorphy where corrects arm girth = flexed arm birth-tricep skinfold/10 and correct calf girth=max calf girth-calf skinfold/10
6) Calculate ectomorphy using the three options and round each one to the nearest whole or half number

Front 91

- Growth in height results mostly from an increase in ______ length during lat adolescence and early adulthood.

Back 91

trunk

Front 92

Modern body Composition Measures:

Back 92

Hydrostatic weighing (a gold standard)
- Dual emissions x-ray absorptiometry (a gold standard)
- Sum of skin folds
- BMI
- Bioelectric impedance
- Bod Pod

Front 93

W.H. Sheldon –

Back 93

(1940) assessed body types into three categories referred to at “Somatotypes”:

Front 94

- Endomorph: “short and soft”.

Back 94

Characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist, and large bone structure.

Front 95

Infant movement has two categories:

Back 95

Spontaneous Movements and Infantile Reflexes

Front 96

- Mesomorph: “Muscular”

Back 96

Characterized by medium bones, predisposed to building muscle, upside down triangle shape, solid torso.

Front 97

- Ectomorphs:

Back 97

Characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage. Not predisposed to store fat or build muscle

Front 98

Later on, scientists developed a more scientific method

Back 98

Ecto-meso-endo

Front 99

Finding the Ecto-meso-endo numbers:

Back 99

1) Calculate height to weight ratio (height cm)/(mass^1/3)
2) Sum tricep, subscapular, and suprailliac skin folds and calculate x
3) Correct arm and leg girths
4) Calculate endomorphy using equation where x= (sum or triceps, subscapular, and suprasinal skin folds)
5) Calculate Mesomorphy where corrects arm girth = flexed arm birth-tricep skinfold/10 and correct calf girth=max calf girth-calf skinfold/10
6) Calculate ectomorphy using the three options and round each one to the nearest whole or half number

Front 100

Modern body Composition Measures:

Back 100

Hydrostatic weighing (a gold standard)
- Dual emissions x-ray absorptiometry (a gold standard)
- Sum of skin folds
- BMI
- Bioelectric impedance
- Bod Pod

Front 101

Infant movement has two categories:

Back 101

Spontaneous Movements and Infantile Reflexes

Front 102

Spontaneous movement

Back 102

(movements not caused by known external stimuli). Modern theories now notice that babies’ kicking and stretching is building blocks for future voluntary movement.

Front 103

Two types of spontaneous movement:

Back 103

Supine kicks and infant arm thrusts

Front 104

Infant supine kicks

Back 104

not random but rhythmical. Kicks have a coordinated pattern. Timing is more different from kick to kick than how an adult walks. Initially, joints in unison by the end of the first year, the move sequentially. Activate flexors and extensors simultaneously

Front 105

Co-contraction –

Back 105

activating flexors and extensors at the same time

Front 106

Infant arm thrusts:

Back 106

similar to adult reaching.

Front 107

Infantile reflexes

Back 107

(stereotypical responses elicited by specific external stimuli.) Involuntary response to specific stimulation loses strength over time (by 4 mo). Three categories: Primitive reflexes, postural reactions, and locomotor reflexes

Front 108

3 categories of infantile reflexes:

Back 108

1) Primitive, 2) Postural, and 3) Locomotor

Front 109

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex –

Back 109

Stimulus turn head side and that side’s arm and legs to out. Last till 4 mo (>6 means a problem)

Front 110

Palmer Grasping –

Back 110

Stimuli: touch palm with object and the baby will grasp the hand. Prenatal to 4 months (>6 means problem, or asymmetry)

Front 111

Moro Reflex –

Back 111

Stimulus: Sudden loss of support. Response: arms and legs extend, fingers extend, then relax. Prenatal to 3 months. Warning signs: if persistent after 6 months or asymmetrical.

Front 112

Babinski –

Back 112

Stimulus: Stroking the sole of the food from heel to toe, on the side. Response: Toes extend. Time: Birth to 4 months. If persistent after 6 months. Can also be used as a sign of CNS damage in adults.

Front 113

Postural Reflexes –

Back 113

AKA gravity reflexes. Helps infant automatically maintain postures in a changing environment. Generally appear after 2 months and drop out of the infants repertoire by late in the first year or early in the second

Front 114

Pull-up (traction) –

Back 114

Position sitting or laying. Stimulus: tilt infant backwards. Response: arms flex, Present from 3-12 months

Front 115

Parachute –

Back 115

Position: held upright. Stimulus: tilt forward, Response: arms extend, from 7 moths

Front 116

Locomotor Reflexes –

Back 116

As the name implies, they are related to voluntary reflexes. Three reflexes: Crawling, stepping, and swimming

Front 117

Crawling reflex –

Back 117

position: prone. Stimulus: apply pressure to one or both feet. Response: Crawling pattern. Visible from birth to 4 months

Front 118

Stepping reflex –

Back 118

Position: held upright, Stimulus: placed on a flat surface. Response: walking pattern with legs. Birth two 5 months

Front 119

Swimming –

Back 119

Stimulus: place infant in or over water. Response: Swimming movement of arms and leg.. Time: 11 days to 5 months

Front 120

3 Purpose of infantile reflexes –

Back 120

1) Structural: reflexes reflect the structure and nervous system, the way humans are wired. 2) Functional: reflexes exist to help infants prepare for birth and then survive. 3) Applied – reflexes lead to voluntary leg movements

Front 121

Appearance and disappearance of reflexes:

Back 121

Reflexes gradually show less specific response with time as the CNS takes over. Infants learn to adapt reflexes to modify movement outcome. (faster sucking – faster milk supply. Pathological cerebral conditions may exist if reflexes persist longer than typical, asymmetrical response, weak or no response when one should exist.

Front 122

Three theories about why the reflexes exist:

Back 122

McGraw – Said in 1943 that infants couldn’t move on their own until the CNS was fully developed. Termed “Motor Interference”
Zalazo – In 1983, trained a group of infants with the stepping reflex. The trained group started walking earlier than the control stage.
Thelen – believed that other constrained (rather than just maturation) led to a reduction in stepping reflex.
- Increasing led weight = reduced stepping reflex.
- Submerging baby in water = increased stepping reflex
- Determined that strength was a weight limiter for waking reflexes

Front 123

Motor milestones
2 months,

Back 123

lifts head from prone position

Front 124

3 months:

Back 124

lifts shoulders (turns over)

Front 125

5 months:

Back 125

rolls over, sits unsupported

Front 126

9 months

Back 126

pulls to stand, cruises furniture

Front 127

10 months:

Back 127

stands alone

Front 128

12 months:

Back 128

walks alone

Front 129

For an infant to exhibit a certain skill, she needs to develop a certain system to a particular level:

Back 129

- To lift her head while prone, she needs sufficient strength in the neck
- Experience and environmental constraints play a role, as do culturally defined parental handling practices. “first child syndrome”

Front 130

Many milestones involve the attainment of certain postures

Back 130

– once infants maintain a posture for a time they are balancing. Infants rely on visual clues, rather than kinesthetic information to maintain balance. Rate limiters for posture and balance appear to involved “coupling” of sensory information and motor response.

Front 131

Milestones develop in a fairly well defined _________

Back 131

sequence