Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 approaches to the study of personality? |
1. Biological theories-emphasis on person 2.Trait theories-emphasis on person 3.Interactionist theories-emphasis on perosn and envrionment |
|
Whats Sheldon's Constitutional theory? |
Ectomorph=Cerebrotonia(tense introverted) Endomorph= Viscertonia(affectionate and sociable) Mesomorph=somatotonic(adventurous) |
|
What is Hans Eysenck's P-E-N personality theory? |
Psychoticism superego-hormonal function, heightened aggressiveness Extraversion introversion-base level arousal in cortex dictates weather person in extra or introvert Neuroticism- Stability-associated with limbic system and NS, High neurotic individuals |
|
What is the Big 5 |
Openess to experience Conscientiousness-being determined Extraversion-having energetic approach to the world Agreeableness- compliance Neuroticisim- feelings of tension |
|
What is anxiety? |
A discrete emotion resulting from uncertainty about what will happen |
|
What's the difference between trait anxiety and state anxiety |
State anxiety- associated with worries and apprehension that change from moment to moment Trait anxiety- individuals general tendency to experience elevation in state anxiety when exposed to stressors |
|
What the 2 components of anxiety? |
1. cognitive anxiety-relfects concerns/worries and reduced ability to focus/concentrate 2. Somatic anxiety-perception of physiological and affective elements |
|
WHat is Multidimensional Anxiety theory (MAT)? |
Describes the relationship between components of anxiety and sport performance addresses how the relationship between cognitive and somatic components of anxiety and sport performance and how anxiety may change across phases of competition |
|
What's the zones of optimal functioning theory |
Best sport performances are likely to occur with optimal levels off state anxiety and that optimal level is a zone |
|
Look at Page 18 lecture 8.0 |
for final exam question |
|
What are the 4 characteristics of a motor skill? |
1. there is a goal to acheive 2. performed voluntarily 3. body or limb movement 4. need to be learned |
|
What's the differnce between Gross and Fine motor skills |
Gross motor skills- that involve large muscles, smooth coordinaition of muscles is essential Fine motor skills- require control of small muscles to achieve a goal |
|
What are the 3 one dimensional systems of motor skill classification? |
1.Size of musculature 2.Distinctiveness of the movements 3. Stability of the environment |
|
What are the subsections of Distinctiveness of the movements? |
Discrete motor skills- clearly defined beginning Serial motor skills-a series of discrete motor skills performed in a specific order Continuous motor skills - no obvious beginning or end |
|
What are the subsections of stability of the environment? |
Closed motor skills-self paced task in a stable and predictable environment Open motor skills• Performed in an ever-changing, unpredictable environment• An externally-paced task |
|
Are their skills that are to complex to classify under one dimension? |
Yes, like boxing, bball , football |
|
What are the 2 ways to measure performance outcome? |
Performance outcome measures - measures the outcome of performing a motor skill Performance process measures- measures how the aspects of the motor control system are functioning during the performance of an action |
|
What is reaction time and what are its 3 sections? |
RT- time between the presentation of a signal and the initiation of a movement 1. Simple RT -one signal one response 2. Choice RT- more then one signal with its own response 3. Discrimination RT More than one signal, one response |
|
What are the 2 parts of reaction time? |
Pre-motor time- time between the signal and the first change in the activity of the muscle Motor time- time between first muscle activity and observable moment |
|
What are the 3 parts of performance errors? |
Absolute error- estimate of overall size of the error Constant error- provides information on overall direction of error Variable error- standard deviation of performance |
|
LOOK at page 55 of 8.0 for varience formula |
ON 8.0 |
|
What are the 4 parts of performance process measures? |
Kinematics-motion qualities with regard to force Kinetics-internal and external forces on the body Electromyography-activity in the muscle Coordination-spatial and temporal relationships of limb segments |
|
Look at page 9 on 9.0 for |
Summary of the information processing model |
|
Watch john wall sport science to learn about Then go to page 30 of 9.0 for more vison |
Visual system |
|
With what do we sense coluor with in the eye? |
Cones |
|
Where is the highest concentration of cones found? |
Fovea centralis |
|
Rods and cones synapse with what? |
Bipolar cells |
|
Bipolar cells synapse with what? |
Ganglion cells |
|
The axons of the ganglion cells form what? |
Optic nerve |
|
Light rays are refracted and bent as they pass through.... |
Cornea, pupil and lens |
|
What is the function of the sclera? |
Maintain shape of the eye |
|
What do the aqueous humor and vitreous humor do? |
Help refract light rays |
|
Look at page 45 on 9.0 for functions |
Of the eye |
|
What are some factors that can affect performance? |
Reflexes, Maturation, Luck, Strong teamates |
|
What should we look for to indicate wheater or not learning has occured |
Change over time More consisten performance Change is relatively permanent |
|
What are different forms of practice? |
Real Imagery/mental practice Observational/vicarious learning |
|
What is the transfer of learning? |
The influence of having a previously practiced a skill on the learning of a new skill |
|
What are the types of transfer learning? |
Positive transfer- previous skill facilitates learning of a new skill Negative transfer- previous skill interferes with a new skill Zero transfer- previous skill has no effect on learning of a new skill |
|
When will positive transfer most likely occur? |
When the components of the skills are similar there are similarities between the learning processes required |
|
When will negative transfer most likely occur? |
There are changes in spatial location required There are changes in timing required |
|
What are 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer? |
1. provide contextual interferance (Practice several different skills during practice) 2.Vary the type of practice(one skill in a variety of ways) 3.Reduce frequency of feedback (forces learner to do active problem solving) |
|
Whats the difference between blocked practice and random practice? |
Blocked practice -task is practice on many consecutive trails before next task Random practice- ordering of tasks is randomized during practice |
|
Whats a closed skill? |
practice conditions should be similar to those that will prevail under competition conditions |
|
Whats open skill? |
Each response is somewhat novel and requires movement patterns that can be used in a vaiety of situations |
|
What is qualitative research? |
understating meanings ascribed by individuals or groups: Constructivist world view: multiple truths |
|
What are the 4 ways to collect qualitative data? |
Documents-journals meeting minutes Audiovisual material-vids Interviews: very common Observations-noting a phenomenon in the field setting through the sense of the observer |
|
What are some types of qualitative interviews? |
-Structured, semi-structured, conversational -One-on-one, focus group -face-to face, telephone , internet |
|
Interview questions should be... |
Open -ended clear, singular include follow-up probes as needed pseudonym=fake names |
|
What is augmented feedback? |
Information about performance that comes from an outside source |
|
What is knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance(KP) ? |
KR-knowledge about the outcome KP-knowledge of performance |
|
What is the purpose of augmented feedback? |
1. Provides info for error identification and correction 2.Acts as a form of reinforcement=strengthens correct responses 3. Serves to motivate the learner=provides info about progress |
|
What are 3 things to keep in mind while using augmented feedback?
|
1. Precision of feedback-ca either be to precise or general
2. Content of feed back- feedback can comment on errors or correct performance, also feedback can either be qualitative or quantitiativeW 3. Forms of feedback- verbal, kinematic and kinetic, video, augmented sensory feedback |
|
Which type of feedback is more effective, qualitative or quantitative ? |
Qualitative augmented feedback |
|
At what stages in the learning process is feedback required most? |
When the person is Making the most mistakes |
|
Can providing feedback ever be detrimental? |
When there is an over loading of feedback can lean to a dependancy of feedback |
|
What are the types of feedback that minimize dependency? |
1. Faded feedback 2. Band with feedback 3.Summary feedback |
|
What is faded feedback? |
When the degree of skill rises feedback decreases Benefit: the coach can tailor the feedback to the individual |
|
What is bandwidth feedback? |
When they're out of the range of correctness there is more feedback provided viceversa when in range of correctness Benefit:lack of feedback=positive reinforcement |
|
What is summary feedback? |
Giving feedback every couple of practices Benefits: generates consistancy, avoids overloading |
|
When in the learning process is feedback needed most? |
Cognitive stage-feedback is vital Associative stage- faded bandwidth and summary feedback Autonomous stage-feedback can be withdrawn |
|
Peak performance is a consequence of both .... and ....... factors |
Physical and mental factors |
|
What are the 3 phases of mental skills training programs |
Education-athletes recognize the importance of mental skills and how they affect mental performance Acquisition-athletes acquire mental skills and learn how to effectively employ them Practice- athletes implement mental skills in practice and competition: the goal is to automate the skills through overlearning |
|
What is a goal and goal setting? |
Goal:Target or objective that people strive to attain Goal setting:the practice of establishing desirable objectives for ones actions |
|
How and why does goal setting work? |
Directs attention mobilizes effort promotes development of new strategies |
|
Wha are the 3 types of goals? |
Outcome goals-represents standards of performance that focus on the results of a constant between opponents or teams Performance goals-focus on improvements relative to one's own past performance Processgoals-specify the procedures in which the athlete must engage in during performance |
|
What is the most common strategy used in enhancement of performance |
Goals |
|
What are the 2 categories of relaxtion |
Muscle to mind-focusing on relieving physical tension, EX> breathing exercise Mind to muscle-focuses on nerve control to release cognitive anxiety. EX. mediation, autogenic training |
|
What is imagery? |
using ones senses to re-create an experience in the mind |
|
What are the 2 Imagery perspectives? |
External: you see the image from outside your body as if your watching film Internal: experience images from behind your own eyes in your own body |
|
What are the 2 keys to using imagery effectively? |
Controllability- imagining exactly what was intended Vividness- how clearly an image is seen and how detailed the image appears |
|
What is self talk? |
Verbalizations or statements that are addressed to the self |
|
What 2 functions do self talk serve? |
1. Instructional- used for skill development 2. motivational- for mastery, arousal and drive |
|
When can an athlete use self talk? |
skill acquisition
preparing for performance changing bad habits |
|
What is cultural sport psychology? |
a culturally sensitive and relevant approach to sport psychology |
|
What are team building intervention strategies? |
Direct intervention: consultants work directly with athlete Indirect intervention: consultant works with coach |
|
What are some successful team building interventions? |
Team leaders is coherent and acceptable members emotionally sign up group develops positive energetic climate |
|
Watch Patrick Chan Vid.... |
ON Pg. 3 of 13.0 |
|
What are the 4 psychological skills we discussed in class? |
Relaxation Self talk goal setting imagery |