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440 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At what age should an infant be able to sit without support?
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8 months
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When does an infant usually master the pincer grasp?
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10 months
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What would be contraindications to giving immunizations?
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Previous anaphylactic reaction, allergy to eggs, gelatin, neomycin. If patient has serious illness, i.e. temperature greater thatn 40c, pneumonia. May give with minor illness.
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If there is an immunocompromised person in a household, what immunizations should not be given?
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MMR,VAR or any other live virus immunization.
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In what postition does the AAP recomend infants sleep in?
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On their backs
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At what age should you introduce solid foods, such as rice cereal or baby foods?
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4-6 months
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How often do you introduce new foods and why?
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Every 4-7 days, to decrease allergic reactions.
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What are Koplick Spots and with which illness are the associated?
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Small, irregular, bright red spots with blue-white centers on the buccal membrane seen in 7 day measles or rubeola.
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What is the period of communicability for chickenpox?
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one day before the rash appears and 5-6 days after it's appearance until vesicles have crusted.
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Fifth's disease causes what common symptom?
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A slapped cheek appearance
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Why would a patient with mononucleosis possiblly need to be on bedrest?
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If the pt has splenomegaly
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What is the most common tx for lice?
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Use OTC shampoo first, such as permtherin (RID, NIX, etc.) If that does not work you can get a script for lindane, repeat shampooing in 7-10 days
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May need to tx others in the household. Vacuum and spray areas that child has been in contact with. Comb out nits, teach not to share hats or combs.
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lice
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What is a common test to identify if a child has pinworms?
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Tape test
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How much weight does a toddler generally gain each year?
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5 pounds. Weight gain is slow during toddlerhood and children may begin to eat less and be more picky
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What should be the max intake of milk a toddler should consume?
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16-32oz
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At what age should a toddler be able to feed self?
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usually by age 2 with min. assit
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What are examples of appropriate toys for toddler?
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push, pull, pots, pans, familiar books
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How do toddlers usually learn?
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trial land error
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Which parent will the toddler usually imitate?
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Same sex parent
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Piaget's sensorimotor phase lasts until approx. what age? What phase in next?
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Sensorimotor until 18 months- 2 years (varies from diff. sources). Preoperational phase from 2-7 years
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When a toddler engages in complete self absorption, viewing things from only their point of view this is known as what?
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Egocentrism
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Describe what animism means?
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Believing that inanimate objects are alive and have wills of their own, this can be very scary for children.
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By age 2 how many words are generally in a child's vocab? How many words in a sentence?
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200-300 words, 2-3 word sentences
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According to Erikson, what stage is toddlerhood?
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Autonomy vs shame and doubt, the child realizes they are a separate entity from parents and discovers wills of their own.
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What kind of choices could you give a toddler? What would be inappropriate?
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Do you want to take you med with pop of juice, not it's time for your med now, ok?
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When toddlers play along side of each other, but not together it is known as what?
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Parallel Play
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Why is it hard for a child to be toilet trained prior to 12-18 months of age?
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Myelinzation of the spinal cord is not cmplete prior to this time which makes it hard to toilet train.
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What are some motor development tasks a preschooler usually is able to begin and eventually master?
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jump, climb, throw a ball overhand, cut fairly straight lines with scissors, skip, dress self, go to bathroom without help.
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If time out is used for discipline, how much time is appropriate?
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One minute for each year of age, have a speacial spot for this
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What is the intuitive phase?
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Centratin preschoolers focus on a certain part of a situation, can't follow sequences, Irreversability of thought, can take apart but can not put back together
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Preschoolers are often guilt-ridden and may feel that things happen because they wished it, this is also a period of rapid learning, they are like little sponges
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not a question, just a learning slide
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How many words does a five year old generally have in his vocabulary?
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abut 2100
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What phase of Erikson's stages is a preschooler in
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Initiative vs. guilt
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Play is important for all developmental ages, understand the different kinds of play that are related to each age group
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Only a learning slide
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Why is it important to use personalized statements like I when speaking to the child?
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So you do not accuse the child
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Don't just discuss neg behavior, also catch them being
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good
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Never use threats to?
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disicpline a child
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When is the average age of onset of puberty for girls? Boys?
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12 for girls and 14 for boys
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What are some appropriate motor developmental tasks for school age children?
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Bicycling, skating, team sports
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By age six how many words are generally in a child's vocab?
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8000-14000
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Which stage does Erikson place school age children in?
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Industry vs. inferiority
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In what way can parents help children of all ages to make good choices
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Always be a positive role model
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Remember that school age children love to collect things,can place things in logical order, can take a toy apart and put it back together and begin to abandon magical thinking of preschool years
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Just remember this
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In adolescence who becomes more important than family
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peers
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Prior to a sporting event, what type of foods should be eaten?
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A diet high in complex carbs like pasta
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What stage does Piaget place the Adolescence?
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Formal operations
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Can you always maintain confidentiality with an adolescent patient?
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Not if it is related to a life threatiening comment regarding themselves or another
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How many phases are in adolescence and what are they?
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three: Early 11-14, physical changes, self conscious, aware of body image. Middle 15-17, begin to test limits, impulsive, impatient, may rebel. Late 18-21, think more abstractly, more intelligent, make more mature decisions, may leave home, think of career, education choices
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What is a major concern for adolescents? They may require more for development, may skip, may be worried about how they look, causing a problem
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Nutrition
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What is a common antidote to reverse the effects of tylenol overdose
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Acetylcysteine, or mucomyst
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What is the purpose of activated charcoal
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To remove toxins in the GI after gastric lavage, many ERs will skip lavage and go straight to charcoal using NG or OG or may disguise the color and tast in the pts drink
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A child's airway is smaller in diameter than an adult's, making them more prone to respiratory infection. TRUE OF FALSE
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TRUE
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Infants are obligatory nose breathers until approximately what age?
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2-3 months
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If a child doesn't breathe for 12 seconds it is considered apnea. True or False
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False, must be greater than 20 seconds
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Not usually done in children less than 6-7 years or developmentally challenged Commonly used in CF pts, may assess degree of pulmonary disease, assess response to tx of airway, measures lung volume, capacity, air flow rates duing insperationand expiration,
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Pulmonary functin tests
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Normal rr for a neonate
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40-60
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Normal rr for an infant
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30-50
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Normal rr for preschooler
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22-34
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Normal rr for adolescent
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12-20
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What causes clubbing and what are typiccal types of patients who experience this?
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Chronic hypoxia, and CF pts
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What is the normal capillary refill of a pediatric pt?
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Less than 2 seconds
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This is commonly used to dilate the bronchioles and provide medication directly to the airway
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Aerosol therapy
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What is the best way to decrease the viscosity of secretions in a pt with respiratory infection?
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Increase fluids
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What are s/sx of strep throat?
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Head aches, bad breath, fever, sore red throat, obstructive sleep apnea
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O2 in children should remain greater than 95% unless otherwise designated by the Dr. TRUE OR FALSE
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TRUE, some children with lung DX may have lower readings but most children will be 95 or more
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What are the most critical times to watch for bleeding in a patient who has had a T&A?
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The first 24hrs post op and 5-7 days after surgery
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Frequent swallowing following a tonsillectomy is not a reason to be concerned. TRUE OR FALSE
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FALSE, this could indicate bleeding at the back of the throat
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What common meds should a pt not take before a T&A?
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Aspirin and Ibuprofen
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If a child ingests a foreighn body, you would tell the family?
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Let it pass in the stool
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What is air trapping?
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pt is getting air in, but struggling to get it back out
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All pts with otitis media receive antibiotic therapy. TRUE OR FALSE
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False, many doctors prefer to let it heal on its own, only txing discomfort
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What kind of roomate would you give a pt with RSV?
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None, they should have a private room due to viral infection
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What if a child will not take a full course of antibiotics?
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IM antibiotics should be given
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What is the most common tx for acute spasmodic croup?
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Cool mist humidifier or steamy bathroom
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A child is more likely to be hospitalized whit acute spasmodic croup. TRUE OR FALSE
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FALSE, can usually be resolved at home
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Epiglottis is less common now because of the vacc.
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HIB
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If you suspect a child has epiglotttis, you should be prepared to do what?
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temp trach, also disturb as little as poss. keep parent in room, do xrays in room, keep calm
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what is the most common form of bronchiolitis?
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RSV
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Pts with RSV need this nursing intervention frequently.
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Suctioning
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Never feed an infant who has rr greater than?
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60
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This injection is used for the prevention of RSV
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Synagis or Respigam
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Not used in children greater than two years who were not premature, not used in already hs pts
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Synagis or Respigam for RSV
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Used only in infants born at 32 weeks or earlier
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Synagis or Respigam for RSV
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What are the most common months for RSV
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Oct-March
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Chronic inflammatory obstructive airway dx
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Asthma
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What are some well known triggers for asthmatics?
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Cold air, animals, dust, food and drug allergies, smoke, stress, exercise, fumes, etc.
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What are common clinical manifestations of pts with asthma?
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Cough, labored rr, fatigue, nasal flaring, retractions, wheezing
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Why is wheezing usually started as expiratory wheezing, then inspiratory?
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Because air is able to get in, but pts have prob. getting it out
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What are the most common months for RSV
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Oct-March
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Chronic inflammatory obstructive airway dx
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Asthma
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What are some well known triggers for asthmatics?
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Cold air, animals, dust, food and drug allergies, smoke, stress, exercise, fumes, etc.
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What are common clinical manifestations of pts with asthma?
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Cough, labored rr, fatigue, nasal flaring, retractions, wheezing
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Why is wheezing usually started as expiratory wheezing, then inspiratory?
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Because air is able to get in, but pts have prob. getting it out
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Commonly used antinflammatory drugs used with asthmatics are what?
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Intal, tilade, prednisone, azmacort, advair( steroid & bronchodilator)
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What attachment is used for children who may not be able to use a metered dose inhaler?
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Spacer
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What is the benefit of a spacer?
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Ability to attach to MDI and breathe medication in more slowly and accurate.
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What medication should all asthmatics carry with them?
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Short acting bronchodilators, albuterol or xopenex
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A written asthma plan should be given to all asthmatics. What does this include?
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Zone system guidelines, medications, when to call the doctor.
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Zone systems for asthmatics and there air flow are?
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Green 80-100%-good
Yellow 50-79%- getting bad Red less than 50%- go to the ER now |
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Peak flow meters are useful to all asthmatics to help prevent acute asthma exacerbations. TRUE OR FALSE
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? I would thing it could tell you where you are but not prevent?????
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Anybody can get cystic fibrosis. TRUE OR FALSE
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False, this is genetic, both parents must carry
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This organismis commonly colonized in pts with CF?
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Pseudomonas
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CF causes abnormally thick secretions which act as a medium for bacteria to grow.
TRUE OR FALSE |
True
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CF pts are deficiet in the fat sol. vit.
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A, D, E, K
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Because of abnormally thick pancreatic secretions, pts are at an abnormal risk for diabetes? TRUE OR FALSE
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TRUE
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A patient with CF needs these to help digest foods?
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Enzymes
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Because of the increased pancreatic secretions these are not able to pass through to aid in digestion. Give them with meals and adjust amount according to stools
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Enzymes
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This device can easily be used by pts with CF to help remove secretions
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Flutter valve
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This specific bronchodilator is used in the tx of croup syndromes
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Racemic epinephrine
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What are some common side effects of prednisone?
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Increased glucose, irritability, behavior changes, weight gain
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This is a very common side effect of albuterol therapy
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Increased heart rate
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What med is used in place of albuterol if the pt experiences increased heart rate?
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xopenex
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Birth to 12 months
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Infancy
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What is the best indicator of health for an infant
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growth
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Babies lose how much of thier birth weight in the first 3-4 days
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10%
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Birth weight should be doulbled by when?
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5-6 months
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Birth weight should be tripled by when
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12 months
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Babies usually gain how much per month during the first six months, and how much per month during the last six months
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2lbs per month first six
1lbs per month second six |
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During the first six months length increase by how much, and in the last six months by how much
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first six- 1 inch per month
second- six 0.5 inch Total increase is 50% at the end of the first year |
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Head circumference at birth is usually?
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34-36 cm
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Head circumference at birth is about 34-36 cm and will increase by how much per month for the first six months
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0.5 cm
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Average head size at six months is, at 12 months is, which is?
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43 cm, 47 cm, 2/3rds of an adults head
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Posterior fontanels usually close by when?
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6-8wks
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Anterior fontanels may remain open until?
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18 months
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Why are head circumference and fontanel measurements imprtant?
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Because they help in determining brain growth and neurological problems
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Height, weight, and head circumference should be checked at well child visits, which occure at?
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2wks, 2months, 4months, 6months, and 12months for the first year
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In the first year of life this increases to 3x weight and 6x volume at birth
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lungs
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Trachea is very small and infants can't clear mucous well, this makes them prone to what?
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Respiratory infections
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Eustachian tubes in babies are small and horizontal making it easy for them to get?
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Ear infections
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Babies are obligatory nose breathers until about what age?
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3-4 months, making if very important to keep the nose free of secretions
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During infancy, heart will double what? Heart rate will slow and blood pressure will increases
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size and weight
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Chest circ. usually equals what by one year of age?
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Head circ.
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Normal HR in infancy
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120-160
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Heart slows to what by 12 months of age?
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100-120
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Birth BP
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80/40
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BP at the end of the first year
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100/60
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Width of the heart is what % of the chest in babies?
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55%
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Physiologic anemia at about age 2-3 months due to
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shortened survival rate of fetal hemoglobin, which is present for about the first four months, fetal hemoglobing is leaving but not being replaced quickly enough
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An infant is totally converted to adult hemoglobin by what age?
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5-6 months, but may have a second anemia episode at 6-9 months r/t the remainder of iron stores being depleted
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This supplements the infants immune response until about age 3-4 months?
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The transfer of maternal antibodies via placenta
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By this age the immune system is functional, and can produce its own IgG and IgM by this age?
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2 months
1 year |
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Other immunoglobulins are not there until preschool age,making children continue to be prone to?
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infections
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There are no maternal antibodies to protect from this, so vacc. very important
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Pertussis
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At birth the digestive processes are?
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immature
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Stomach capacity at birth is only about?
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30ml, but will increase with regular feedings to about 200ml by 12 months
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Babies can not digest or absorb fat at an adult level until age?
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6-9 months
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During infancy, solid foods are passed how?
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incompletely broken down in the feces
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Excessive fiber predisposes the infant to?
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loose, bulky stools
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The most immature organ of the GI throughout infancy, can not conjugate drugs adequately, must be very careful with doses,
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Liver
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The ability to conjugate bilirubin and secrete bile is achieved after?
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The first few weeks of life, which can increase the chances of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns
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The size of the kidney increases 3x during infancy. Filtration remains low and therefore the kidney is not effective as a filtration organ or efficient in concentrating urine until what age?
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Until after the first year of life, which places the infant at increased risk for f/e imbalances
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Temp regulation is not very efficient at birth, but becomes more efficient when the infant develops the ability to shiver at what age?
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6 months
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Shivering abilities at 6 months of age can help keep the infant warm how?
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It causes contraction of the muscles and fibers and increases metabolic heat which is distributed throughout the body
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Adipose tissue increases during the the first what months which helps insulate the baby against heat loss
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6 months
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At birth what % of the Babys body is water with an excess of extracellular fluid which will decrease to 40% and then 20% in adulthood
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75%
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Why is the baby predisposed to more rapid loss of total body fluid and dehydration?
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Because a large amount of thier fluid is extracellular
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Auditory acuities are acute by this age and babies will actually stop and listen, by this age they will turn thier eyes and head to find where the sounds are coming from?
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2 months
4 months |
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At what age will an infant respond to thier name?
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10 months
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Visual acuity improves with age. With binocularity, or fixation or two ocular images into one cerebral picture, this begins to develop by what age, and is established by what age?
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begins at 6wks and is established by 4 months
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Babies have 20/100 and 20/150 vision at birth that improves rapidly during infancy. They show preference for what?
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High contrast colors, black and white, primary colors, pastels are not distinguished until about 6 months
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Newborn infants can focus on an object in the midline of vision, but can not follow it until about?
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3 months
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Depth perception begins to develop by?
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7-9 months
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The ability to do larger body movements
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Gross motor development
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The ability to coordinate hand movements?
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Fine motor development
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Gross motor development is looked at in four ways for babies, what are they?
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Ventral Suspension
Prone Position Sitting Position Standing Position |
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This is looking at tone when the infant is held with one hand under the abd. in the air, looking at position of head
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Ventral Suspension- Gross motor markers
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Newborns can turn heads to move them out of a position that impairs breathilng, but can't hold them raised. At one month, lifts head and turns easily side to side. Two months raise head and maintain position. Three months, lifts head and shoulders off table and looks around. Four month, lift chest off bed and look around, can turn front to back
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Prone Position- Gross motor markers
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Gross head lag when newborn and up to one month. Two months old can hold more steady, continues to increase until at six months can sit briefly unsupported. At eight months sits unsupported.
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Sitting Position- Gross motor markers
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Stepping reflex at one month, by four months can support their weight on their legs. By seven months can bounce when standing with support. Nine months can hold onto a coffee table if in that position. Ten months can pull themselves up, eleven months cruise, twelve months stand alone at least momentarily
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Standing Postion- Gross motor markers
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Gross Motor Development- Turn head side to side when prone, marked head lag
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0-1 months
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Fine Motor Skills- Hands fisted, strong grasp reflex, follows objects to midline
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0-1 months
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Language- Crying, may have reflexive smile
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0-1 months
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Play- Watches face of primary caregiver, likes soothing sounds
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0-1 months
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Gross Motor Development-
Raises head and chest, holds head with some head lag |
2 months
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Fine Motor Development-
Social smile, grasp reflex fades, hands open |
2 months
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Language-
Differentiates cries, coos, may make single vowel sounds ( this is an important card to know) |
2 months
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Play-
Likes mobiles, bright colors or black and white |
2 months
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Gross Motor Development-
Lifts head and shoulders off table, looks around when prone |
3 months
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Fine Motor Development-
Follows objects past midline, reaches for objects in front of them, but may miss |
3 months
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Language-
Laughs out loud, babbles, adding consonants, n, k, g, p and b |
3 months
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Play-
Looks at hands and uses them as toys |
3 months
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Gross Motor Development-
Grasp, stepping, tonic neck reflexes are fading, lift chest off bed, no head lag when pulled to sitting, may have weight on legs when standing |
4 months
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Fine Motor Development-
Brings hands together and pulls at clothes, shakes rattle, rakes to pick things up,plays with toes and hands |
4 months
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Language-
Continue to coo, babble, gurgle, laugh out loud |
4 months
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Play-
Handles rattles, small toys well |
4 months
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Gross Motor Development-
Turns front to back, no head lag when pulled upright, rests weight on forearms when prone, straightens back when heldor propped t sit, tonic reflex gone |
5 months
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Fine Motor Development-
Accepts objects handed to him and grasps with whole hand |
5 months
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Language-
Plays with sounds, repeats sounds |
5 months
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Play-
Handles rattles, small toys well |
5 months
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Gross Motor Development-
Turns both ways, nearly support full weight when standing , sits briefly without support, raise chest and part of abd. off table, primitive reflexes gone |
6 months
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Fine Motor Development-
Uses palmar grasp,drops one toy when another is offered, may transfer toys from one hand to another, puts items in mouth |
6 months
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Language-
Continue imitating sounds, identifies primary caregiver's voice |
6 months
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Play-
Likes bath toys, rubber rings for teething |
6 months
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Gross Motor Development-
Reaches to be picked up, may get first tooth, still sits with minimal support (some master it) like position |
7 months
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Fine Motor Development-
Continues to master transferring objects |
7 months
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Language-
Begins to show stranger anxiety, imitates vowel sounds well |
7 months
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Play-
Likes big objects to put in hands and transfer |
7 months
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Gross Motor Development-
Sits securely without support, may start to creep, |
8 months
|
|
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Fine Motor Development-
Advancing hand eye coordination |
8 months
|
|
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Language-
Peaked stranger anxiety |
8 months
|
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Play-
Likes rattles, toys of different textures |
8 months
|
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Gross Motor Development-
Creeps or crawls, sitis very steadily, stands holding onto table |
9 months
|
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Fine Motor Development-
Waves bye-bye, claps hands |
9 months
|
|
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Language-
Says first word (dada) |
9 months
|
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Play-
Needs space for creeping and crawling, standing |
9 months
|
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Gross Motor Development-Pulls self up to standing
|
10 months
|
|
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Fine Motor Development-
Masters pincer grasp, drinks from cup, object permanence |
10 months
|
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Language-
Masters words such as bye-bye and no |
10 months
|
|
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Play-
Can play patty cake and peek-a-boo |
10 months
|
|
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Gross Motor Development-
Cruises around furniture |
11 months
|
|
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Fine Motor Development-
Continues mastering previous milestones |
11 months
|
|
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Language-
Uses gestures, imitates animal sounds may recognize objects by name |
11 months
|
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Play-
Cruising |
11 months
|
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Gross Motor Development-
Stands alone, may walk |
12 months
|
|
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Fine Motor Development-
Holds cup and spoon well, helps to dress, puts small blocks in containers and take out, draw semi-straight line with crayon |
12 months
|
|
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Language-
Says at least two more words beside mama and dada, may speak in two or three word sentences |
12 months
|
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Play-
Plays with pots and pans, likes nursery rhymes, pull toys |
12 months
|
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Infants must be played with not just?
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Allowed to play
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This is very important for an infants psychosocial growth and as important as food is for physical growth
|
Stimulation
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Most common theory used to describe cognition, or ability to know, is?
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Piaget
|
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During the first 2 years of life, it has a profound sense of egocentrism?
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Cognitive development
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Occurs in stages or periods?
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Cognitive development
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Infancy is what phase?
|
sensorimotor
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What is the first substage of the sensorimotor phase?
|
Reflexive stage
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Substage of Sensorimotor stage where activity occurs, such as grasping, sucking, or looking?
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Reflexive Stage
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Second substage of Sensorimotor phase?
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Primary circular reactions
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|
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The substage of the Sensorimotor phase that occurs from 1-4 months?
|
Primary circular reactions
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Reflexes are more organized and reflexes such as sucking and kicking are more controlled. Baby begins to recognize objects that bring pleasure, such as the botle or breast?
|
Primary circular reactions
|
|
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Third substage of the Sensorimotor phase?
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Secondary circular reactions
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Actions are performed that are more in relation to the outside of their bodies. 4-8 month olds begin to play with objects in the external environment, i.e. rattle or toy. Actions are intentional, such as squeezing a toy to hear a sound, or shaking a rattle?
|
Secondary circular reactions
|
|
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Fourth substage of the Sensorimotor phase?
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Coordination of secondary schemata
|
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8-12 months. Object permanence is obtained, i.e. looking for toy that is hidden or dropped. Object permanence usually occurs by 9 months of age. Begin to associate symbols with events, i.e. "bye-bye" with "Daddy goes to work". Also begin to move barriers that are in their way, such as climb over a pillow or push something away?
|
Coordination of secondary schemata
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|
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Psychosocial Development
Erikson, birth -1 year? |
Trust vs. mistrust
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
Babies develop a sense of trust for self, for others and of the world? |
Trust vs. mistrust
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|
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Psychosocial Development
Just providing food, warmth, shelter by themselves is inadequate for developing trust and sense of self. When infant and parent fails to meet this trust, a general feeling of mistrust is obtained. When parents meet needs before infant makes demands, the infant doesn't learn to test their abilities and control environment, but if care is delayed, infants experience constant frustration and eventual mistrust? |
Trust vs. mistrust
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
The trust acquired in infancy is the foundation for all succeeding phases. In early months, 3-4, food intake is the most important social activity. As body grows, infants use more advanced ways to interact, such as rather than cry, may reach out arms to show they want to be held. Tactile stimulation is extremely important for these children, meaning caregiver must hold and touch their children? |
Trust vs. mistrust
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
Creates a sense of belonging or a connection with each other. The importance of human physical contact cannot be stressed enough. Normal development and survival is dependent on attachment. Parents provide interactions, holding, feeding, talking, smiling, singing. Touch is very important!? |
Parent-infant attachment
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
By 6 months of age, infants hsow distinct preference for their mother, earlier they respond to most anybody who meets needs. About 1 month after attaching to mohter, may show attachment ot other family members, usually father first? |
Parent-infant attachment
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
Not common until about 6-7 months of age, secondary to strong feelings of attachment. Behavior is at it's strongest at 7-9 months, and again repeats itself in toddlerhood. Normal sign of development for infants. Separations can still be done and should be encouraged for normal parenting? |
Stranger Anxiety
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
Very important for children to be able to learn about the world and their place in it. They also learn what they can do, their likes/dislikes? |
Play
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
Through socializing, kids learn how to function in the world and how to obtain the necessary social tools to live in society? |
Play
|
|
|
Helps enhance sensorimotor skills, creativity, intellectual & social development?
|
Play
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
During the first 3 months, it is dependent on the caregiver and is usually demonstrated by smiling, squealing, or quieting methods, demonstrated by both caregiver and infant? |
Play
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
From 3-6 months, infants are more interested in stimuli? |
Play
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
By 4 months, laughing aloud is common, may prefer certain toys, and become excited with a new toy or food. They may also begin to recognize themselves in the mirror, smile at it and coo at it? |
Play
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
By 6 months to 1 year, this begins to involve sensorimotor skills, such as peek-a-boo, pat-a-cake, infants begin to choose with who they will, and use different ways to attract attention, i.e. crying, coughing, screaming or eventually calling by name? |
Play
|
|
|
Psychosocial Development
Is very important for psychosocial growth and as important as food is for physical growth? |
Stimulation
|
|
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Psychosocial Development
Must be played with, not just allowed to play? |
Infants
|
|
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Health Promotion
May sleep 17-20 hours per day, with some only sleeping 2-3 hours at a time. Gradually begin to sleep for longer intervals? |
Newborns
|
|
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Health Promotion
Many infants do this to fall asleep. This can be normal when r/t sleeping and lasting for brief periods of time. This is a relaxation method? |
Head Banging
|
|
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Health Promotion
Abdominal pain usually in infants less than 3 months of age. Cause is unclear. Should be checked out by physician ot t/o intestinal obstruction. Usu. Lasts up to 3 hours a day and about 3 days a week. Usually not duing feeding? |
Colic
|
|
|
Health Promotion
Provide this to families after birth of a newborn? |
Provide extra support
|
|
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Health Promotion
Critical for infancy and continue after infancy. See latest guidelines on the American Academy of Pediatrics Website provided on Angel website? |
Immunizations
|
|
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Health Promotion
Goal is to prevent infections? |
Immunizations
|
|
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Health Promotion
Very few side effects, other than pain at injection site, fever, irritability. May give Tylenol prior to immunization and 4-6 hours after? |
Immunizations
|
|
|
Previous severe reaction, anaphylactic reaction to eggs (MMR), gelatin (varicella) or nemycin, streptomycin (IPV), if anybody in the house has an altered immune system, no live viruses should be given in that household. These include MMR and varicella, or if pt. has an obvious serious illness, such as high fever greater than 40, pneumonia, etc.?
|
Contraindications to giving immunizations
|
|
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Health Promotion
MUST HAVE EPI 1:1000 available? |
At all times
|
|
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Health Promotion
Cover against several potentially life-threatening childhood illnesses, including measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, persussis(whooping cough), polio, tetanus, diptheria? |
Immunizations
|
|
|
Health Promotion
First, primary, begin to erupt at 6-8 months. Some discomfort can be expected, may have increased drooling, crying, sucking or biting on hard objects? |
Teething
|
|
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Health Promotion
May be very irritable and have difficulty sleeping. Low-grade temperature may be associated, but significant fever, diarrhea, etc. is not. Cold is soothing, frozen rings, ora-jel, tylenol or ibuprofen? |
Teething
|
|
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Health Promotion
Infant safety depends entirely on adults. Always use appropriate carseat. Never place infant seat in front seat, secondary to airbags. Infants less than 20 punds or less than 1 year should be placed in rear-facing seat in backseat. Only children greater than 12 years of age should ride in front seat of car with airbags? |
Motor Vehicle Safety
|
|
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Health Promotion
Limited mobility makes it impossible to escape from immersion in hot water. Infant skin is thin, causing this to happen faster. Always check bathwater, never should be greater than 120 degrees. Decrease exposure to sunlight, always use appropriate skin protection. Avoid smoking, hot liquids or cooking while holding an infant. Cover open electrical sockets, use guard or grid on fireplaces or open stoves? |
Burn Safety
|
|
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Health Promotion
Watch on changing tables, counters, furniture. Watch while in infant seats or high chairs, always strap in. Use gates when infants begin to crawl? |
Falls
|
|
|
Keep all plastic bags or covers out of reach of infant. Keep fluffy pillows out of crib. Choking is common, as they begin to get better reflexes and place objects in their mouths. Try to encourage all parents to take CPR!?
|
Suffocation
|
|
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Health Promotion
Sudden death of an infant 1 month to 1 year that remains unexplained after postmortem and investigation of the death scene. Approximately 7000 deaths annually from SIDS. No definitive cause. Theories are, suffocation, DtaP vaccination, maternal smoking, premature infants? |
SIDS
|
|
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Health Promotion
Males are at a greater risk, during sleep, winter months, 2-4 months old, Native Americans with greatest incidence, lower socioeconomic status, low birth weight, low apgar scores, CNS d/o or repiratory d/o, not firstborn, sleep prone, bottlefed? |
Etiology of SIDS
|
|
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Health Promotion
Autopsy, usually finds pulmonary edema? |
Diagnosis of SIDS
|
|
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Health Promotion
No absolute prevention! Ways to decrease the chance of SIDS includes supine or side sleeping, no pillows, fluffy bedding, no maternal smoking or drugs, don't overheat (sleep to deeply)? |
Prevention of SIDS
|
|
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Health Promotion
Provide reassurance to parents that it wasn't their fault. Ask only factual questions, don't pass judgment, explain SIDS, autopsy and postmortem care, allow family to hold baby for as long as they want? |
Nursing Role for SIDS
|
|
|
Infant Nutrition
Total caloric needs? |
100-150 calories per kg per day.
|
|
|
Infant Nutrition
The AAP strongly recommends this for all infants, including premature and sick infants? |
Breastfeeding
|
|
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Infant Nutrition
Provide what to mother who is breastfeeding? |
Support
|
|
|
Infant Nutrition
Do babies being breastfed by a healthy mothers need nutritional supplements? |
No, with a possible exception for 4-6 month, when iron stores are depleted.
|
|
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Infant Nutrition
Can mothers continue to breastfeed while at work? |
Yes, it is called a pump.
|
|
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Infant Nutrition
Breastmilk contains the perfect balance of nutrients, easy for baby to digest, contains antibodies to protect your baby, it changes to keep up with demands of your baby, i.e. beginning with colostrum which is high in protein and increases in fat content as baby grows and uses more energy; creates an intimate bond; helps the mother lose weight quicker and stay healthy; easy for everyone! Have mothers continue to take vitamins and fluoride supplements, (make sure have folic acid) while breastfeeding? |
Reasons breastmilk is preferred
|
|
|
Usually refers to giving up breast or bottle for a cup. Usually show signs or readiness during 2nd half of first year, after beginning to eat from spoon. at this time can easily manipulate a cup, usually using a cup or glass by 8-9 months?
|
Weaning
|
|
|
Should be gradual, replacing on bottle or breastfeeding at a time. Nighttime feedings is usually the last to go?
|
Weaning
|
|
|
Never allow a baby to take a bottle of milk to bed because they are at risk for?
|
Nursing Caries
|
|
|
Never introduce whole milk until after the age of?
|
12 months
|
|
|
The majority of rashes are caused by?
|
Viruses
|
|
|
Smallest infectious agents, so they can't be seen through most microscopes?
|
Viruses
|
|
|
Because they are incomplete, they increase in number by replicating inside bacteria, plant, animals or human cells?
|
Viruses
|
|
|
What are the other two names for Rubella?
|
German Measles and 3 day measles.
|
|
|
Transmitted through direct and indirect contact with droplets. Rare disease but usually affects older school-age children, most commonly occurring during the spring?
|
Rubella virus
|
|
|
Low-grade fever, headache malaise, mild conjuctivites, sore throat, cough and lympadenopathy, and eventually a rash beginning on face, spreading downward to trunk and extremities. The rash disappears on the 3rd day?
|
Symptoms of Rubella virus
|
|
|
What is the treatment for Rubella virus?
|
Tylenol
|
|
|
What is the Isolation for Rubella virus?
|
Droplet
|
|
|
What are the other two names for Measles?
|
Rubeola, 7 day measles
|
|
|
Direct or indirect contact with droplets?
|
Transmission of Measles
|
|
|
Rarely seen, mostly seen in winter or spring. Lymph nodes become enlarged, especially postauricular, cervical and occipital lymph nodes. High fever and malaise, sore throat, rhinitis, conjuctivitis with photophobia and cough. Koplik's Spots are seen (small, irregular, bright-red spots with blue-white center) on the buccal membrane.
|
Symptoms of Measles
|
|
|
What is the Treatment for Measles?
|
Comfort measurs and antipyretics, cough suppresant.
|
|
|
What is the Isolation type for Measles?
|
Airborne
|
|
|
What is the other nam for Varicella?
|
Chickenpox
|
|
|
What is the incubation period for Chickenpox?
|
10-21 days
|
|
|
What is the Period of Communicability for Chickenpox?
|
1 day before rash to 5-6 days after its appearance, when all vesicles have crusted.
|
|
|
What are the Transmission properties for Chickenpox?
|
Highly contagious; direct or indirect contact of saliva or vesicles.
|
|
|
Low grade fever, malaise and in 24 hours a rash appears. Lesions begin as a macule, then go to a papule, then become a vesicle. Most lesions found on trunk?
|
Symptoms for Chickenpox
|
|
|
Treat symptoms, give antihistamine, antipyretic. Keep child from scratching to prevent scarring?
|
Treatment for Chickenpox
|
|
|
What are the Isolation properties for Chickenpox?
|
Airborne and contact precautions until lesions crusted.
|
|
|
Symptoms may appear secondary to a reactivation of a latent virus. Usually occurs in older children or young adults?
|
Herpes Zoster
|
|
|
Pruritus and vesicular lesions can cause deep nagging pain. Lesions usually on the trunk, face or upper back?
|
Symptoms of Herpes Zoster
|
|
|
What is the treatment for Herpes Zoster?
|
Antihistamines and analgesia. May use Acyclovir.
|
|
|
What is the other name for Erythema Infectiosum?
|
Fifth Disease
|
|
|
What is the cause of Erythema Infectiosum ("Fifth Disease")?
|
Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
What is the Transmission type for Erythema Infectiosum ("Fifth Disease")?
|
Droplet
|
|
|
Most often in kids 2-12 years. Usually begin with a fever, headache, malaise, then a week later, a rash appears. It is intensely red and appears first on the face, often referred as a"slapped cheek". Facial lesions fade in 1-120 days?
|
Symptoms of Erythema Infectiosum ("Fifth Disease")
|
|
|
What is the Isolation type for Erythema Infectiosum ("Fifth Disease"), and when can they return to school?
|
Droplet Isolation type, and they may return to school as soon as rash appears, because they are no longer infectious.
|
|
|
What are the Transmission types for Mumps?
|
Direct or Indirect Contact.
|
|
|
Fever, headache, anorexia and malaise. Within 24 hours, develop an earache. Chewing causes more pain. Parotid gland (located just in front of the ear lobe) becomes swollen and tender. Boys may develop orchitis (testivular pain and swelling)?
|
Mumps Symptoms
|
|
|
What is the Treatment for Mumps?
|
Soft or liquid food, analgesic for pain, antipyretic.
|
|
|
What is the Isolation type for Mumps and what are the guidlines for school?
|
Droplet Isolation type, and no school until 9 days after onset of parotid swelling.
|
|
|
What is the cause of Mumps?
|
Mumps virus
|
|
|
What is the cause of Infectious Mononucleosis?
|
Epsein-Barr Virus
|
|
|
What are the Transmission type for Infectious Mononucleosis?
|
Direct or Indirect Contact
|
|
|
Chills, fever, headache, anorexia and malaise, lympadenopathy and severe sore throat. Cervical lymph nodes are firm and tender, painful tonsils and a thick, white membrane may cover the tonsils, petechiae on the palate, abdominal pain, enlarged spleen, rash?
|
Symptoms for Infectious Mononucleosis
|
|
|
What is the Treatment for Enfectious Mononucleosis?
|
Bedrest secondary to splenomegaly (first 7-10 days), good fluid intake.
|
|
|
Rubella
Measles Chickenpox Herpes Zoster Erythema Infectiosum Mumps Infectious Mononucleosis are? |
Viral Infections
|
|
|
Impetigo
Cellulitis Whooping Cough are? |
Baterial Infections
|
|
|
What is the Cause of Impetigo?
|
Beta-hemolytic streptococcus, group A, staphylococcus aureus.
|
|
|
What is the Transmission type for Impetigo?
|
Direct contact with lesions
|
|
|
Superficial infection of the skin. Begins as a single papulovesicluar lesion surrounded by localized erythema. Vesicles become purulent, ooze and form honey-colored crusts. Usually on the face and extremities?
|
Symptoms of Impetigo
|
|
|
What is the Treatment for Impetigo?
|
Oral administration of PCN or erythromycin or Bactroban for 7-10 days. Wash crusts daily with soap and water.
|
|
|
What is the Isolation type for Impetigo?
|
Contact Isolation
|
|
|
Staph infection of deep skin layers. Usually occurs on the face or surrounding wounds causes?
|
Cellulitis
|
|
|
Skin is warm, red and swollen, painful?
|
Cellulitis
|
|
|
What is the other name for Whooping Cough?
|
Pertussis
|
|
|
What causes Whooping Cough?
|
Bordetella pertussis
|
|
|
What are the Transmission types for Whooping Cough?
|
Direct or Indirect
|
|
|
Three stages-Catarrhal (upper respiratory sx, such as sneezing, watery eyes, cough and low grade fever) Paroxysmal (4-6 weeks, cough changes from mild to paroxysmal, which is 5-10 short, rapid coughs, followed by rapid inspiration, hence the whoop, may vomit after) Convalescent (gradual stopping of the cough and vomiting)?
|
Symptoms of Whooping Cough
|
|
|
What is the treatment for Whooping Cough?
|
Bedrest, small frequent meals, 10 day course of erythromycin or azithromycin.
|
|
|
What is the Isolation type for Whooping Cough?
|
Droplet
|
|
|
Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice)
Scabies are? |
Parasitic Infections
|
|
|
Small, white flecks on hair shafts, extreme pruritis?
|
Symptoms for Pediculosis Capitis
|
|
|
What is the other name for Pediculosis Capitis?
|
Head Lice
|
|
|
Wash hair with shampoo such as lindane, comb nits with fine-toothed comb, wash bed sheets, recently worn clothes, vacuum pillows, mattresses or other items unable to be washed, teach kids not to use other combs, hairbrushes, barrettes or other personal items?
|
Treatment for Pediculosis Capitis
|
|
|
What is the cause of Scabies?
|
Female Mite
|
|
|
Black burrow filled with mite feces about 1/2 inch long. Ususally between the finger and toes, on palms or in axilla or groin?
|
Symptoms of Scabies
|
|
|
If in groin, may be spread by physical intimacy. Wash area with permethrin.
|
Treatment for Scabies
|
|
|
Roundworms
Hookworms Pinworms are? |
Helminthic Infections
|
|
|
Lives in intestinal tract, eggs excreted in feces. Kids ingest eggs when they eat food with hands that are not washed properly. Eggs hatch and line intestinal wall and enter the circulation. Kds have a loss of apetite and vomiting, may have intestinal obstruction?
|
Roundworms
|
|
|
Single dose of anthelmintic such as pyrantel pamoate control the infection?
|
Treatment for Roundworms
|
|
|
Hookworm eggs are found in human feces. Enter body through skin and then go to intestinal tract where they attach to the intestinal wall. They suck blood from the intestinal wall to live. May have severe anemia?
|
Hookworms
|
|
|
What is the Treatment for Hookworms?
|
Anthelmintics
|
|
|
Small, white, threadlike worms that live in the cecum. Female worms migrate at night from the intestinal tract to the anus to deposit eggs. Symptoms include itching and night crying. Eggs may be carried from the fingernails to the mouth and the cycle begins again?
|
Pinworms
|
|
|
Look at night when child is sleeping. May place cellophane tape againt the anus and look at it under a microscope. Single dose of mebedazole (vermox) or pyrantel pamoate (antiminth). Must treat all family members. Wash clothing, bedding, etc?
|
Treatment for Pinworms
|
|
|
Tinea Cruris
Tinea Pedis Tinea Capitis are? |
Superficial Fungal Infections
|
|
|
Jock itch, use lotrimin or econazole?
|
Tinea Cruris
|
|
|
Athlete's foot, between toes and on the plantar surce of the foot. Treated with liquid preparations of an antifungal agent as lotrimin?
|
Tinea Pedis
|
|
|
Begins as an infection of a single hair follicle but spreads rapidly, producing a lesion one inch in diameter. Circle becomes filled with dirty-appearing scales. May flow green under a Wood's light?
|
Tinea Capitis
|
|
|
Griseofulvin orally. No alcohol while taking the drug. Not as contagious, but no sharing personal items?
|
Treatment for Tinea Capitis
|
|
|
What is the common term for Tinea Capitis?
|
Ringworm
|
|
|
What vacc. will the child get at birth
|
Hep B
|
|
|
What vacc. will a child get at two months?
|
RV, DTaP, HIB, PCV, IPV, HepB
|
|
|
What vacc. will a child get at four months?
|
RV, DTaP, HIB, PCV,IPV,
|
|
|
What vacc. will a child get at six months?
|
RV, DTaP, HIB, PCV, IPV, HepB, may start getting the flu shot yearly
|
|
|
What vacc. will a child get at 12 months?
|
HepB if not completed, May have last DTaP if it has been at least six months from the first dose, HIB, PCV, IPV, Flu, MMR, VAR, HepA
|
|
|
What vacc. will a child get at 15 months?
|
HepB if not complete, DTaP if not completed, HIB if not completed, PCV if not caught up, IPV if not completed, flu, MMR, VAR, HepA
|
|
|
What vacc. will a child get at 18 months?
|
HepB if not done, DTaP if not done, IPV if not done, Flu, HepA
|
|
|
19-23 months what vacc. will a child get?
|
yearly flu, MMR if it has been at least 28 days since the first dose, VAR if it has been at least 3 months since the first dose, May complete second HepA
|
|
|
What vacc. for 2-3 years?
|
PPSV high risk, yearly flu, MMR, VAR if enough time between, can finish HepA high risk, MCV for high risk
|
|
|
4-6 years, what vacc.?
|
DTaP, PPSV for high risk, IPV, yearly flu, MMR, VAR, HepA for high risk, MCV for high risk
|
|
|
Administer to all newborns before discharge
|
HepB
|
|
|
Occurs when the tonsils become edematous, obstructing the passage of air/food
|
Tonsillitis
|
|
|
Fever, mild HA, decreased appetite, sore thorat, hoarse voice, productive cough. May also have breathing and swallowing difficulties, redness, enlarged cervical lymph nodes
|
Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis SX
|
|
|
Swab pharynx for throat culture to determine if bacterial or viral orighin
|
DX for Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis
|
|
|
Nonbacterial- Bedrest, fluids, Tylenol, warm saline gargles
Bacterial- The above plus antibiotics, PCN, Emycin, Keflex |
TX for Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis
|
|
|
Only used for recurrent infection, chronic enlargement, chronic tonsillitis, obstructive sleep apnea, malformations causing nasal, speech or facial growth prob. Child most have three episodes in one year to be considered
|
Surger- Tonsillectomy for Tonsillitis or Pharyngitis
|
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Check PT/PTT(normal is 11-15/25-35 seconds), bleeding time(1-6 min) amount of time it takes for bleeding to stop from small superficial wounds,
check for loose teeth due to intubation, take VS, must be free of sore throat, fever, and URI for at least one week before surgery, no ASA or Ibuprofen for two weeks before surgery |
Nursing PreOP for Tonsillectomy (T&A)
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prone position to reduce drooling and blood swallow, may suction with soft cath., but not back into pharynx, monitor VS, especially blood pressure and pulse, inspect throat with flashlight for blood, fq swalloing indicates a bleed, coughing may dislodge a clot, avoid gargles and objects in the mouth, avoid irr. foods, Tylenol or Tylnol#3 for pain control ATC for first 24hrs, hurricane spray for pain
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PostOP T&A
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No carb beverages or citrus, start fluids ASAP, IVF if little po intake, Monitor for dehydration, may return to school 10 days after, avoid crowds for 1-2 weeks, Halitosis is normal, increase fluids, white on back of throat is normal, check for bleeds 5-7 days postop, may have ferver and earache postop,
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PostOP T&A
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Most common in ages 1-3 due to oral nature. It is leading cause of fatal injury in children less than one. Most are lodged in the bronchial area. mainstem, trachea, and distal lung fields
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Foreign Body Aspiration/Ingestion
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The inhalation of a foreign object into the airway, coughing usually clears the obstruction. With small object may have wheezing, with large objects will have air trapping, with very large will have complete blockage or atelectasis
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Aspiration
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Small objects are usually able to pass, but larger objects/sharp objects may become impacted. Most common site is the proximal third of the esophagus, If the pt has a history of intractable pneumonia, consider FB in air way, It can go unnoticed for weeks and often the parents forget the initial coughing spell
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Ingestion
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Choking, coughing, gagging, SOB, stridor, hoarseness, asymmetric breath sounds, wheezing. They may have sudden respiratory distress with absence of fever or any other symptoms of infection may suggest aspiration.
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SX of Aspiration of FB
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Increased salivation, drooling, gagging. May also have respiratory symptoms if they object is compressing the trachea, abd. pain or bleeding if the object has perforated the GI tract
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SX of FB Ingestion
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CXR, bronchosopy, forced expiratory film/speacial radiology to show air trapping and mediastinal shift away from affected side
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DX of Aspiration of FB
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Xrays, contrast studies
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DX of FB Ingestion
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Back blows/chest thrusts (children <1 year), abd thrusts for children >1 year. Removal by bronchoscopy, high humidity and antibiotics after removal
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TX for Aspiration of FB
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Most will pass in the stool, must examine for three to four days. Normal diet, no laxatives, If impacted, may remove with enodoscopy
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TX for FB Ingestion
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Inflammation of the middle ear sometimes accompanied by infection. It can cause permanet hearing loss through scarring of the TM. Temporary hearing loss can occur acutely. Greater incidence in bottle fed babies( lying down and propping), smoking, daycare, is most common in children ages 6 months to 2 years, Eustachian tube is more horizontal and fluid gets trapped
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Otitis Media
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Follows URI when swollen mucosa closes the Eustachian tube and fluid builds up in the middle ear and organisms grow. Hflu, strep pneumonia
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Acute Otitis Media
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In months, what is the age range for the "Toddler" stage?
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13-35 months
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Toddler
Growth is what when compared to that of infancy? |
Decreased
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Toddler
What is the average weight gain per year? |
5 lbs
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Toddler
A child is how many times their birth weight by twelve months of age? |
3 times (triple)
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Toddler
How many times their birth weight is a child by 2-3 years of age? |
4 times
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Toddler
How many inches a year does a child gain in height? |
3 inches per year
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Toddler
What are you determining by doubling a child's height at age 2-3? |
Estimated Adult Height
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Toddler
As a result of slowed growth, what is decreased? |
Appetite (less food is necessary due to slower growth)
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Toddler
What, concerning food, are common during this time? |
"Food Jags"
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Toddler
What foods are choking hazards? |
Grapes, peanuts, hot dogs.
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Toddler
What amount do you limit milk to, to encourage iron-rich foods? |
16-32 ounces per day
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Toddler
What anemia is common in this age range? |
Iron deficient anemia
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Toddler
Why do you give whole milk until 2 years of age? |
For brain growth
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Toddler
"Baby fat" is being replaced with? |
Muscle
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Toddler
Motor Development What is the major task in motor development? |
Learning to walk.
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Toddler
Motor Development At how many months can a child climb? |
15 months
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Toddler
Motor Development At how many months can a child run? |
18 months
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Toddler
Motor Development Where are bruises common? |
Forehead, shins, bony prominences.
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Toddler
Motor Development Motor and cognitive skills are developing fast at this age, so what are important for detecting developmental delays? |
Well Child Checkups
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Toddler
Motor Development Why do you want to move them into a toddler bed? |
It is lower to the ground, side rails.
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Toddler
Motor Development What can they drink from with both hands? |
A cup
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Toddler
Motor Development By how many months can they drink from a cup with little spilling? |
18 months
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Toddler
Motor Development By what age can children use a fork by? |
Ages 4-5
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Toddler
Motor Development By what age can they feed themselves with a spoon? |
Age 2 (if allowed to practice)
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Toddler
Motor Development By what age can a child zip large zippers, put on shoes, and wash and dry hands? |
Age 2
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Toddler
Motor Development Can put on simple items of? |
Clothing
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Toddler
Motor Development Can they recognize the front of clothing from the back of clothing in the toddler ages? |
No
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Toddler
Motor Development To increase motor skills and mobility, what do you allow a toddler to exert? |
Independence
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Toddler
Motor Development With increased motor skills, what must partents be taught? |
Childproofing the home.
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Toddler
Motor Development Posions and sharp objects are to be? |
Locked up and out of reach.
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Toddler
Motor Development What kind of supervision do Toddlers need? |
Constant (ain't that the truth!)
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Toddler
Motor Development Because they are very curious, what does this lead to? |
Increased risk for injury.
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development Paiget's sensorimotor phase is between ages? |
12-18 months (textbook says birth to 2 years)
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development Learning is mainly by? |
Trial and error.
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development By what months is object permanence firmly established? |
19-24 months
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development What is mostly in the "here and now"? |
Thinking
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development How do they begin to solve problems, rather than ay repeating action over and over? |
Mentally
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development Which parent do they like to imitate? |
Same gender parent
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development What do they have an immature concept of? |
Time (a minute seems like an hour to a toddler)
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development When describing a certain time, what do you use to convey that time to a toddler? |
Activities of daily living.
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development Because they MUST do this, they are at a high risk for injury, but it is neccessary to achieve independence? |
Explore
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development Likes putting objects into what, small objects into larger one, etc,? |
Holes
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development "Getting into everything" is developmentally? |
Normal
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development When does Paiget's properational stage begin around and end around? |
Begins around age 2-4 and last to around age 7.
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development They like to what, like a big box may become a spaceship or a playhouse? |
Pretend
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development What is, complete self-absorption, little regard for others' feelings, views everything from his point of view? |
Egocentric
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Toddler
Cognitive/Sensory Development What is, belief that inanimate objects are alive and have wills of their own, objects are ascribed life-like characteristics? |
Animism
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Toddler
Language Development What type of language comes first? |
Receptive
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Toddler
Language Development Toddlers understand many more words than they can? |
Say
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Toddler
Language Development By what age can a child speak in 2-3 word sentences? |
2
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Toddler
Language Development What fraction of their speech is understandable? |
Two thirds
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Toddler
Language Development At age 2, how many words are in their vocabulary? |
200-300
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Toddler
Language Development If language appears delayed, what type of a problem may be found? |
Hearing
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Toddler
Language Development Parents should be encouraged to talk and what to their toddlers? |
Read
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Toddler
Language Development Encourage toddlers to what their desires whenever possible. |
Vebalize
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Toddler
Language Development Many toddlers what, because they lack the verbal skills to effectively express themselves? |
"Act out"
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Toddler
Language Development You may see some parent teaching what type of language to their child to allow better communication? |
Simple sign language
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Toddler
Language Development One tool to effectively communicating with the toddler is to what? |
Read familiar stories to them over and over.
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