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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common type?
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Calcium containing -
Calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate |
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Least common type?
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Cystine
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Which stones form at increased pH?
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Calcium phosphate
Ammonium-magnesium-phosphate |
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Which stones form at low pH?
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Calcium oxalate (normal-to-low)
Uric acid Cysteine |
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Which stones are radiolucent on X-ray?
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Uric acid stones
(No abnormality on X-ray!) |
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What are the risk factors for stone formation?
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HTN
diabetes dehydration RTA hypercalcemia drugs |
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How can one prevent stone formation?
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High fluid intake
Low Na+ diet |
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When are stones symptomatic?
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Once they enter the ureter
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What are some conditions that can cause hypercalcemia?
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cancer
hyperparathyroidism |
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What are some conditions that specifically can lead to calcium oxalate formation?
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Ethylene glycol ingestion
Vitamin C abuse These lead to balooning and vacuolar degeneration of the PCT |
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What bugs can cause struvite stones?
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Proteus
Staph saphrophyticus Klebsiella |
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Struvite stones are made worse by?
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Alkaline urine
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When are uric acid stones seen?
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In diseases with high cell turnover - leukemia
With gout and hyperuricemia |
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What shape are cysteine stones?
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Hexagonal
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What causes cysteine stones?
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Cystinuria
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How can cysteine stones be treated?
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Alkalinize the urine with acetazolamide
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Which stones are made worse with alkaluria?
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Struvite
(and calcium phosphate) |
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Where are kidney stones most likely to get stuck?
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Ureteropelvic junction
Crossing of the ureters over the iliac vessels Ureterovesicular junction |
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What muscluar syndrome can kidney stones cause?
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Psoas syndrome - the ureters lie directly on this muscle in the retroperitoneal space. Can cause muscular imbalance, strain, spasm, tendonitis, or flexion contracture
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