Kidney

Front 1

Characteristics of Azotemia

Back 1

Increased BUN and creatinine; decreased GFR

Front 2

Azotemia from hypoperfusion of the kidney

Back 2

Prerenal azotemia

Front 3

Prerenal azotemia is associated with parenchymal damage of the kidney

Back 3

False

Front 4

Postrenal azotemia results from?

Back 4

Obstruction of urine flow

Front 5

Characteristics of uremia

Back 5

Failure of renal excretory function; metabolic and endrocine alterations

Front 6

Cause of metabolic and endocrine alterations in uremia

Back 6

Renal damage

Front 7

Presentation of nephritic syndrome

Back 7

Hematuria, diminished GFR, proteinuria, and hypertension

Front 8

Hematuria associated with nephritic syndrome. Gross or microscopic?

Back 8

Both

Front 9

Urine findings in microscopic hematuria of nephritic syndrome

Back 9

Red cell casts and dysmorphic RBCs

Front 10

Nephritic syndrome can present with severe proteinuria

Back 10

False

Front 11

Characteristic of nephrotic syndrome

Back 11

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria

Front 12

Amount of proteinuria associated with nephrotic syndrome

Back 12

>3.5 gm/day

Front 13

Asymptomatic mild glomarular abnormalities may present with? Hematuria or proteinuria?

Back 13

Both

Front 14

Characteristic of acute kidney injury

Back 14

Decreased GFR, fluid and electrolyte dysregulation, and retention of metabolic waste

Front 15

Severe form of acute kidney injury may present with? Oliguria or anuria?

Back 15

Both

Front 16

Acute kidney injury may result from? Glomerular, interstitial, tubular, or vascular injury?

Back 16

All

Front 17

GFR associated with chronic renal disease

Back 17

<60 ml/min/1.73 sq.m.

Front 18

Length of time that GFR should be diminished significantly for diagnosis of chronic renal disease

Back 18

3 months

Front 19

Another characteristic of chronic renal disease aside from GFR findings

Back 19

Persistent albuminuria

Front 20

Presentation of severe chronic renal disease

Back 20

Prolonged uremia

Front 21

Chronic renal disease is the end result of?

Back 21

Chronic renal parenchymal disease

Front 22

GFR associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Back 22

<5% of normal

Front 23

The terminal stage of uremia

Back 23

ESRD

Front 24

Manifestations of renal tubular defects

Back 24

Polyuria, nocturia, and electrolyte disorder

Front 25

Affected in renal tubular disease? Structure or function?

Back 25

Both

Front 26

Presentation of renal obstruction and tumors are affected by?

Back 26

Nature of lesion and location

Front 27

Characteristic of UTI? Bacteriuria or pyuria?

Back 27

Both

Front 28

UTI can affect what organ? Kidney or bladder?

Back 28

Both

Front 29

Nephrolithiasis presents with? Renal colic or hematuria?

Back 29

Both

Front 30

Nephrolithiasis predisposes to recurrent stone formation

Back 30

True

Front 31

Main systemic disorders associated with glomerular disease

Back 31

Diabetes milletus, SLE, vasculitis, and amyloidosis

Front 32

Podocytes. Visceral or parietal?

Back 32

Visceral

Front 33

Electron-lucent layer of GBM? Lamina rara externa or interna?

Back 33

Both

Front 34

Foot processes of podocytes adhere to? Lamina rara externa or interna?

Back 34

Externa

Front 35

Basement-like membrane of the glomerular tuft

Back 35

Mesangial matrix

Front 36

Capillary wall acts as a? Charge-dependent or size-dependent barrier?

Back 36

Both

Front 37

Slit diaphragm of podocytes. Size-selective or charge-selective?

Back 37

Size

Front 38

Pathologic responses of the glomerulus to injury

Back 38

Hypercellularity, basement membrane thickening, hyalinosis and sclerosis

Front 39

Cells that proliferate in hypercellularity. Mesangial or endothelial cells?

Back 39

Both

Front 40

Result from hypercellularity

Back 40

Proliferation, infiltration, and crescent formation

Front 41

Infilitrates associated with hypercellularity. Neutrophils, monocytes, or lymphocytes?

Back 41

All

Front 42

Component of endocapillary proliferation

Back 42

Proliferation and infiltration

Front 43

Predominant cells associated with formation of crescents. Parietal or visceral?

Back 43

Parietal

Front 44

Precedes formation of crescents

Back 44

Inflammation of capillary walls

Front 45

Stain used to demonstrate basement membrane thickening

Back 45

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)

Front 46

Forms of basement membrane thickening

Back 46

Deposition of electron-dense material, Increases synthesis of protein components, and formation of additional layers of GBM matrix

Front 47

End result of glomerular damage

Back 47

Hyalinosis

Front 48

Characteristic deposition in sclerosis

Back 48

Collagenous

Front 49

Sclerosis in diabetic glomerulosclerosis involves? Mesangial area or capillary loops?

Back 49

Mesangial area

Front 50

Histologic pattern involving all glomeruli. Diffuse or global?

Back 50

Diffuse

Front 51

Histologic pattern involving entirety of a glomerulus. Diffuse or global?

Back 51

Global

Front 52

Histologic pattern involving some glomeruli. Focal or segmental?

Back 52

Focal

Front 53

Histologic pattern involving part of a glomerulus. Focal or segmental?

Back 53

Segmental

Front 54

Mediated by immune mechanism. Primary or secondary glomerulopathy?

Back 54

Both

Front 55

Pattern of immune deposition involving in situ formations. Granular or linear?

Back 55

Granular

Front 56

Location of in situ complex deposition. Subendothelial or subepithelial?

Back 56

Subepithelial

Front 57

Basic reaction associated with in situ deposition. Hypercellularity or basement membrane thickening?

Back 57

Basement membrane thickening

Front 58

Disease associated with in situ complex deposition

Back 58

Membranous nephropathy

Front 59

Pattern of immune deposition associated with antibodies against normal GBM components. Granular or linear?

Back 59

Linear

Front 60

Antigens associated with circulating complex deposition. Endogenous or exogenous?

Back 60

Both

Front 61

Injury associated with immune complex deposition. Direct or inflammatory?

Back 61

Inflammatory

Front 62

Locations of immune complex deposition? Mesangium, Subendothelial, or subepithelial?

Back 62

All

Front 63

Location of deposition associated with immune complex formation. GBM or mesangium?

Back 63

Both

Front 64

Degrade immune complexes. Neutrophils, macrophage, masangial cells, or proteases?

Back 64

All

Front 65

Deposition of cationic molecules. Subendothelial, subepithelial, or mesangium?

Back 65

Subepithelial

Front 66

Deposition of anionic molecules. Subepithelial, subendothelial, or mesangium?

Back 66

Subendothelial

Front 67

Deposition of neutral molecules. Subendothelial, subepithelial, or mesangium

Back 67

Mesangium

Front 68

Deposition of large molecules. Subendothelial, subepithelial, or mesangium?

Back 68

None (Cleared by macrophages)

Front 69

Nephritogenic. Cationic, anionic, neutral or large molecules?

Back 69

Cationic and anionic molecules (small-sized)

Front 70

Pattern of deposition localization is influenced by? Hemodynamics, mesangial function, or charge-selective barrier?

Back 70

All

Front 71

Rate of GFR associated with independent progression to ESRD

Back 71

30-50% of normal

Front 72

Urine finding associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Back 72

Proteinuria

Front 73

Major histologic characteristics of progessive renal damage

Back 73

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Tubulointerstitialfibrosis

Front 74

Manifestation of tubulointerstital fibrosis

Back 74

Tubular damage and interstitial inflammation

Front 75

Tubulointerstital fibrosis is a component of? Acute or chronic glomerulonephritides?

Back 75

Both

Front 76

What causes direct injury and activation of tubular cells in tubulointerstitial fibrosis?

Back 76

Proteinuria

Front 77

Characteristic of nephritic syndrome

Back 77

Glomerular inflammation

Front 78

Urine finding associated with nephritic syndrome

Back 78

Hematuria

Front 79

Acute proliferative glomerulenephritis. Nephritic or nephrotic?

Back 79

Nephritic

Front 80

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Nephritic or nephrotic?

Back 80

Nephritic

Front 81

Characteristic of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis.

Back 81

Diffuse proliferation and leukocytic infiltration

Front 82

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis is causes by?

Back 82

Immune complexes

Front 83

Prototypical renal disease of immune etiology

Back 83

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Front 84

Pattern of deposition associated with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Granular or linear?

Back 84

Granular

Front 85

Location of deposition associated with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Subendothelial or subepithelial?

Back 85

Both (Subendothelial-early;Subepithelial-late)

Front 86

Amount of proteinuria associated with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Back 86

<1 gm/day

Front 87

Elevated in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? Antistreptococcal Ab or Serum C3

Back 87

Antistreptococcal Ab (Serum C3 declines)

Front 88

Specific etiologic cause of rapid progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Back 88

None

Front 89

Associated with RPGN. Oliguria or nephritic syndrome?

Back 89

Both

Front 90

Most common histologic picture associated with RPGN

Back 90

Crescent formation

Front 91

Mediates glomerular injury in RPGN

Back 91

Immune mechanism

Front 92

Type 1 RPGN

Back 92

Anti-GBM Antibody

Front 93

Type 2 RPGN

Back 93

Immune complex

Front 94

Type 3 RPGN

Back 94

Pauci-immune

Front 95

Pattern of deposition associated with RPGN. Granular or linear?

Back 95

Granular

Front 96

Crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with pauci-immune type are associated with? Small-vessel vasculitis or polyangiitis?

Back 96

Both

Front 97

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by this defect.

Back 97

Capillary wall defect

Front 98

Amount of proteinuria associated with nephrotic syndrome

Back 98

>3.5 gm/day

Front 99

Plasma protein level associated with nephrotic syndrome

Back 99

<3 gm/dL

Front 100

Nephrotic syndrome is associated with? Edema, Hyperlipidemia, or Lipiduria?

Back 100

All

Front 101

Location of deposition associated with membranous nephropathy

Back 101

Subepithelial

Front 102

What is contained in the depositions associated with membranous nephropathy?

Back 102

Immunoglobulins

Front 103

Findings in light microscopy associated with the early stage of membranous nephropathy

Back 103

None (appear normal)

Front 104

Findings in electron microscopy associated with membranous nephropathy.

Back 104

Electron dense deposits

Front 105

Granular deposits in membranous nephropathy contain? Immunoglobulins or complement?

Back 105

Both

Front 106

Pattern of sclerosis associated with progression of membranous nephropathy.

Back 106

Segmental

Front 107

Early presentation of membranous nephropathy? Nephrotic syndrome or non-nephrotic proteinuria?

Back 107

Both

Front 108

Urine finding associated with membranous nephropathy.

Back 108

Hematuria

Front 109

Characteristic of minimal change disease

Back 109

Effacement of podocytes

Front 110

Which can be used to diagnose minimal change disease. Light or electron microscopy?

Back 110

Electron (virtually normal using light microscopy)

Front 111

Urine finding associated with minimal-change disease

Back 111

Proteinuria

Front 112

MPGN type 1 is characterized by?

Back 112

Immune complex deposition

Front 113

MPGN type 2 is characterized by?

Back 113

Complement activation

Front 114

Charactersitic of the glomerulus in MPGN

Back 114

Hypercellular

Front 115

Lobular appearance of glomeruli in MPGN is due to? Mesangial cell or matrix proliferation?

Back 115

Both

Front 116

Location of deposition in IgA nephropathy

Back 116

Mesangium

Front 117

Diagnosis of IgA nephropathy uses what laboratory technique?

Back 117

Immunoflourescence

Front 118

Hereditary nephritis is due to what mutations?

Back 118

Collagen mutations

Front 119

Which hereditary nephritis is X-linked? Alport syndrome or Thin basement membrane disease?

Back 119

Alport syndrome

Front 120

Thin basement membrane disease. X linked, dominant, or recessive?

Back 120

Recessive

Front 121

Finding in chronic glomerulonephritis. Obliteration of glomeruli or Arterial/arteriolar sclerosis?

Back 121

Both