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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of the kidney
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-excretion of metabolic waste
- excretion of foreign chemicals - gluconeogenesis - secretion of erythropoeitin - secretion of renin - hydroxylation of vitamin D |
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Define Renal Lobe
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1 pyrimid + surrounding cortical tissue (loops of henle, collecting tubules, straight parts of PCT and DCT)
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What is the renal pelvis
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expanded portion of the ureter
bifurcates into 2-3 major renal calyces |
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Define the hilum
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area of the kidney where the ureter exits
blood vessels and lymph vessles enter and exit nerves enter |
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what type of tissue makes up the capsul of the kidney
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dense irregular connective tissue
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what can be found in the cortex of the kidney
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renal columns of bertin
- renal corpuscle - PCT and DCT - collecting ducts |
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what is a uriniferous tubule?
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includes the nephron and the collecting duct
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what makes up a nephron
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renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule |
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Define renal corpuscle
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glomerulus+ bowman's capsule
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what are the two types of nephrons
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juxtamedullary
cortical |
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what makes the juxtamedullary nephron unique?
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comprises 1/7th of the total nephrons
found at the cortical-medullary border have long loops of henle that penetrate deep into the medulla MOST important in urine production |
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Name some characteristics of the cortical nephrons
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make up 6/7th of the nephrons in the kidney
have short loops of henle no ascending thin limbs less important in urine production |
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What comprises the blood supply to the kidneys
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renal artery
segmental artery interlobar artery arcuate artery interlobular artery afferent arteriole glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries |
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what makes up the visceral layer of bowman's capsule?
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podocytes
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where are mesangial cells found and what are they?
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they help support capillaries in the glomerulus
they are specialized pericytes which are phagocytic and contractile |
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what type of cells are found in the parietal layer of bowman's capsule?
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simple squamous epithelium
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where are podocytes found?
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in th visceral layer of bowman's capsule
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where can the urinary pole be found?
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starts at the proximal convoluted tubule and has plasma filtrate from bowman's capsule
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what is the vascular pole
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where afferent and efferent arterioles enter and exit the glomerulus
macula densa is in this region |
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Describe podocytes
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they have long primary processes - branch into secondary prcesses which interdigitate
they have filtration slits which have a diaphragm made from the protein nephrin |
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what is nephrin
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protein that forms the diaphragm in podocyte slits
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what makes up the filtration barrier
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lamina rara of podocyte
lamina densa of podocyte lamina densa of endothelial cell lamina rara of endothelial cell |
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what protein(s) are/is found in the lamina densa
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type IV collagen
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what protein(s) is/are found in the lamina rara?
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laminin
entactin fibronectin heparan sulfate proteoglycans |
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what is the purpose of the glomerular filtration barrier
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to control the passage of molecules from the plasma to the plasma filtrate
uses both size (particles >10nm) and charge exclusion (- not easily filtered) |
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what are mesangial cells?
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resemble podocytes
help make ECM provide physical and structural support |
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what is the function of mesangial cells
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help with phagocytosis of protein aggregates and antibody-antigen complexes
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what do mesangial cells secrete?
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cytokines
prostaglandins |
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what type of tissue makes up the proximal convoluted tubule?
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simple cuboidal epithelium with a brush border
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Describe the PCT
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has a prominent glycocalyx
major spot of reabsoprtion of glomerular filtrate comes off of the glomerulus at the urinary pole has many basal striations= membrane infoldings and mitochondria |
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Name the regions of the loop of Henle
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descending thick limb- looks like PCT
descending thin limb- more nuclei in XS than in capillaries ascending thick limb- impermeable to water |
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what type of tissue makes up the thin limb of LH
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simple squamous epithelium
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What type of tissue makes up the DCT?
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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describe the DCT
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little if any brush border
contains basal striations/mitochondria lining comes close to the glomerulus that made its PCT |
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what is the macula densa
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DCT helps to form the macula densa when it associates with its vascular pole
sensitive to changes in NaCl concentrations affects renin release by JG cells |
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what is the JG apparatus
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contains the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells and JG cells
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where are JG cells found?
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in the wall of afferent arteriole
few in the efferent arteriole |
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what do juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
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renin in response to drop in BP
act as intrarenal baroreceptor |
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what tissue makes up the collecting duct or tubule?
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simple cuboidal to simple columnar
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what cellst ypes are found in the collecting duct or tubule?
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principal cells
intercalated cells |
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What is the function of principal cells?
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aquaporins
they have nonmotile primary cilium and are involved in polycystic kidney disease |
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what is the function of intercalated cells?
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help regulate acid-base
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what are interstitial cells
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found from loop of hene to adjacent vasa recta
includes both renal cortical fibroblasts and medullary fibroblasts- both secrete erythropoietin when activated participate in interstitial nephritis |
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What is Goodpasture syndrome?
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autoantibodies against alpha3(IV)
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what is alport's syndrome?
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mutations in col4a5
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what is benign familial hematuria
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mutation in col4a4
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