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Weather Project Flashcards

Weather Project Flashcards

by DavidEwan0203, Feb. 2015

Subjects: Geography

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80 Cards in this Set

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By David & Ewan 7W	Please zoom in to see pictures!
Describe how water turns into cloud in the water cycle (hydrological cycle).	The water cycle begins when water from the sea or a lake evaporates to form water vapour. Water from plants is also turned to water vapour by transpiration. This water vapour then rises, cools and condenses to form clouds.	Water vapour comes from the sea and lakes but also plants.
Describe how and in what form precipitation occurs in the water cycle.	As the clouds rise further and cool, precipitation will occur in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T05djitkEFI
Describe what happens to the water once it has fallen in the water cycle.	Some of the water that falls is intercepted by the leaves on trees. Some of the water will be stored on the surface and (particularly if it is snow) will infiltrate into the soil or will flow over the land as surface run-off. Some of the water that travelled as infiltration will move horizontally through the soil as throughflow. Some of the water will move down through permeable rocks in a process called percolation. Some of the water is stored as groundwater in porous rocks.	There are 5 different options – here are some key words for each one: Interception Infiltration/Surface run-off Throughflow Percolation Groundwater
10 reasons we study the weather?	To monitor the environment. To predict the patterns of weather so we can plan ahead. We can use it to our advantage e.g. the sun gives solar power. To choose where we go on holiday. To plan our day-to-day activity. For farming – when to sow crops. to prevent tampering with the natural weather. To predict hazards, natural disasters and risks. The weather can destroy things and in order to prevent this we need to understand how it works. For travel (e.g. sea conditions for fishermen, predicting storms for flights, snow for cars, etc.).	What would happen if you could not predict or understand the weather? What impact would this have on your life or the life of others?
Explain the steps of convectional rainfall.	The sun heats the water and the air Water from the ground is evaporated Air temperature falls 1˚c for every 150m it ascends Water vapour cools and condenses at dew point Droplets form and make clouds The clouds become heavy and rain falls	Any form of water evaporating, condensing and precipitating.
Explain the steps of relief rainfall	Sun heats the sea. Evaporation forces warm, moist air to rise over the sea. Onshore breeze containing warm, moist air meets the hill and is forced to rise. Air temperature falls 1˚c for every 150m it ascends. Moisture cools and condenses at dew point. It rains. The cool denser air descends. Droplets evaporate making the air dry and creating a rain shadow. No rain falls in a rain shadow.	Involves a hill.
Explain the steps of frontal rainfall.	Warm air mass meets cold air mass. This point is called a front. Warm air rises over cold air at front. Cold air is heavier (and warm air always rises) so the cold air undercuts the warm air. The warm air rises , and the moisture in it cools (1˚c for every 150m it ascends) and condenses at the dew point. Clouds form and it rains.	Involves two air masses of different temperatures.
5 factors affecting temperature?	Latitude Altitude Distance from the sea Ocean currents Prevailing wind direction	Have you ever been on holiday somewhere really cold/hot? Why was it so cold/hot? What different types of weather can affect the temperature?
How does latitude affect temperature?	The temperature rises as you get closer to the equator, and falls as you get closer to the poles. This is because the earth is at a 23.5˚ tilt so the equator is nearer the sun and the poles further from the sun. The closer you are to the sun, the warmer it is. Latitude also affects seasons – the earth is on a tilt so in June the North Pole is closer to the sun than the South Pole. There are no seasons on the equator so it is always hot in the day and cold in the night.	The earth has a tilt of 23.5˚. How could this affect temperature?
How does altitude affect temperature?	The temperature falls by approximately 1˚c for every 150m you ascend.	Why does the moisture in the air condense to form clouds?
How does distance from the sea affect temperature?	In summer it gets warmer the further inland you go and cooler the closer you get to the sea. In winter the opposite is true. The sea is very deep and so it takes a long time to change temperature. The land is quick to change temperature. This means in winter the sea is warmer than the land as it retains some of the heat from the summer. However in summer the sea is cooler as it retains some of the cold from the winter.	The sea retains temperature for longer than the land.
How do ocean currents affect temperature and why? Give an example.	Currents such as the North Atlantic Drift and the Gulf Stream heat the water, and in the case of west Britain, make the west side warmer than the east, reducing forests and keeping waterways and ports free of ice. The gulf stream is a warm current that originates at the tip of Florida. It makes Britain warmer in winter than other places of the same latitude.	What does the gulf stream do and why?
How does prevailing wind direction affect temperature? Give an example.	A prevailing wind is the most common direction of wind. In England the prevailing wind is from the south-west – this is a warm/hot wind from Northern Africa. The wind can bring different temperatures depending on which direction the wind is coming from. If it comes from the North (in the northern hemisphere) it is called a polar wind and is cold. Jet streams are strong flowing ribbons of air in the atmosphere. The storms of 2007, 2012 and 2013-14 were caused by a jet stream bringing wind and rain.	Think of where the wind is coming from.
Air mass	A large body of air showing common temperature and humidity characteristics.
Altitude	Height in relation to sea-level
Aspect	The compass direction the slope faces
Atmosphere	Gasses surrounding the Earth
Climate	The overall pattern of weather in a particular area over an average of 30 years.
Condensation	Conversion of gas or vapour to liquid. Air condenses into clouds
Depression	Areas of low atmospheric pressure.
Dew point	The point at which air condenses into clouds.
Drought	A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall.
Equator	The line of latitude at 0˚
Evaporation	Heat forcing solid into liquid and liquid into gas
Fog	Low lying stratus cloud that decreases visibility.
Isotherms	Isotherms are lines joining areas of equal temperature. 'Iso' means 'the same' in ancient Greek.	Locations A and B are of equal temperature. (Zoom in to see picture)
Hemisphere	a half of the earth divided into northern and southern halves by the equator
Humidity	atmospheric moisture
Infiltration	When water on the ground enters the soil
Interception	Precipitation that is prevented from reaching the ground often by trees.
Irrigation	Artificial application of water to land or soil.
Microclimate	The climate of a small area.	An example is Hyde Park
North Atlantic Drift	A continuation of the Gulf Stream heading northeast.
Percolation	The movement of water through the soil or underlying porous rock. This water collects as groundwater.
Precipitation	Water falling from the atmosphere to the ground in a solid or liquid form.
Prevailing wind	Most frequent wind direction a location experiences.
Rainshadow	Dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area due to precipitation evaporating as it falls and temperature increases.
Surface run-off	Rapid flow of water on the land.
Throughflow	Flow of water through something.
Transpiration	The process by which water is carried through plants and expelled as water vapour into the atmosphere.
Weather	Day to day, hour by hour state of the atmosphere.
Weather front	A boundary separating 2 masses of air.
Name the 3 main types of cloud	Cirrus Cumulus Stratus
Describe any 3 characteristics of cirrus clouds	Wispy High-altitude Thin Sometimes formed from the condensation trails of aircraft
Describe any 3 characteristics of cumulus clouds	Low-altitude Puffy/cotton-like Often precursors to other types of cloud e.g. cumulonimbus Have flat bases
Describe any 3 characteristics of stratus clouds	Low-altitude Flat/hazy/featureless Essentially above ground fog May produce a light drizzle of small amounts of snow
Why are temperatures in January warmer on the west coast of the Britain?	The North Atlantic drift is a warm ocean current that brings higher temperatures to the west of the UK. The North Atlantic drift originates in the Gulf of Mexico.	Think about ocean currents affecting Britain.
What type of climate does Britain have and what is it?	Britain has a temperate maritime climate. This means that is is not too hot , not too cold, not too dry and not too wet.	Does Britain have a: Humid climate Temperate climate Arid climate Humid maritime climate Temperate maritime climate Arid maritime climate
Describe the different climates of the 4 quarters of the British Isles (NE, NW, SE, SW)	North-east: Cold summers Cold winters with snow Some rain all year North-west: Cool summers Mild winters heavy rain all year South-east: Warm and sunny summers Cold winters Some rain all year South-west: Warm summers Mild winters Rain all year	The further north you go the colder it is (see "How does latitude affect temperature"). The east side of the British Isles is warmer than the west (see card on gulf stream/North Atlantic Drift).
Give 2 reasons why the South of Britain is warmer than the North?	It is see further from the sun due to latitude (see card on latitude) The sun's rays have to go through more atmosphere to reach the north of Britain than the south, so less heat energy reaches the ground.	What factors affect temperature? Do any of them fit this example?
Why is there more rainfall in the west of Britain?	The prevailing wind comes from the south-west. This wind blows over the atlantic bringing moist air. The prevailing wind direction is the most common direction of wind. Therefore there is more relief rainfall in the west.	The prevailing wind direction comes from the south-west.
Name what one measures with these instruments and what it is measured in.	Name what one measures with these instruments and what it is measured in.
Thermometer	Temperature ˚c
Hygrometer	Humidity %
Barometer	Pressure %
Wind vane	Wind direction Compass points
Anemometer	Wind speed kph
Campbell-Stokes	Sunlight Hours Full name is Campbell-Stokes sunlight recorder
Mirror	Cloud cover Oktas
Rain gauge	Precipitation Millimetres
What are the 4 main Latitude Zones	Polar Temperate Arid Humid
Name the characteristics of polar zones?	Freezing temperatures Lack of warm summers Made from the Arctic and Antarctica Scarce vegetation Northernmost and southernmost tips of the earth	Arctic Hare Shortened ears Thick white fur Powerful hind legs Omnivore polar climate graph
Name the characteristics of the Temperate zones?	Extremes are rare 4 distinct seasons 2 types of TEMPERATE regions MARITIME - sea - Relies heavily on oceans CONTINENTAL - inland - larger range due to radiation receipt	Temperate climate graph
Name the characteristics of the Arid zones	Almost 33% of land is ARID ARID regions must receive less than 10in of precipitation a year types of ARID region MEDITERRANEAN- summers hot, winters mild TROPICAL - summer rainfall, long dry winters CONTINENTAL - rainfall distributed evenly all year	Fennec Fox Large ears Kidneys that restricrt water loss Thick fur Mediterrane-an arid climate
Name the characteristics of Humid zones	Precipitation Solar heat received is insufficient to evaporate precipitation Forests Average temperature is 20 - 30˚c Houses 40% of the world's population	Jaguar Climb trees Swim well Camouflaged Soft paws Humid climate graph
Factors affecting microclimates	Shelter Surface Aspect Natural and Physical features Buildings
Shelter	Can provide protection from the sun and wind shade side would be cooler
Surface	Darker surfaces absorb more heat than light surfaces. Tarmac would be hotter than snow	Think of the Albedo effect
Aspect	The South is always warmer than the North	Why do people insist on their vineyards facings outwards?
Natural and Physical features	Soil with air pockets result in permafrost water body also sends moisture into the air through evaporation. This atmospheric moisture captures heat from the sun, making the air around a pond warmer than areas further away. The moisture in the air around ponds can also influence the plants your place there, with species favoring a more humid microclimate likely to thrive. Vegetation covering the soil prevents loss of the heat the soil radiates Topography-places above sea-level are colder
Buildings	Buildings compacted into a small area can break up winds Wind speed can increase as it whips round buildings cooling the area Heat such as fires burning can be released from buildings and polution in the ozone layer holds the Sun's rays in the atmosphere	Why is London warmer than Hertfordshire which is only an hour's drive away?
What is the definition of Urban heat island?	A metropolitan area that is warmer than rural areas due to human activity.
What are the causes of Urban heat island?	Dark surfaces of buildings (albedo effect) Air conditioning is used to combat this which means more polution produced by power plants making the area Buildings close together reduce air circulation and speed thus protecting against any cooling effect No vegetation means it gets no cooling effects of shade and evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration is the process by which leaves of plants sweat water reducing the heat of the air.
What do climate graphs show	How temperature and precipitation vary throughout the year for a particular area
Describe how to interpret climate graphs	Temperature is depicted on line graph Precipitation is depicted on bar graph Look for seasons Which season is the warmest and coldest Which Latitude zone does it belong to e.g arid - no rain Does rainfall occur all year round? Is it predictable? What is the total annual rainfall? (add all months) What is the range of Temperature and Precpitation? (Largest - Smallest) Averages in all Look for rainfall patterns
Describe this climate graph	1268mm total annual rainfall Range of precipitation is 38mm Average maximum temperature is 17.1 Range in maximum temperature from 3.9-29.4 is 25.5 degrees Celsius Range in minimum temperature from -2.8 to 20.5 is 23.3 degrees Celsius Average minimum temperature is 8.8 TEMPERATE latitude zone Fairly predictable rainfall For maximum temperature Winter in JFM rising into Spring at 13 degrees. A heightens into Summer in M at 20 degrees before reaching highest point at 29.4.Then descending into Autumn at the 2nd 20 in the begining of October before drooping to a cold Winter at 4 degrees in D Warmness of seasons go from Summer to Spring to Autumn to Winter as we would expect
What are Air Masses	Large bodies of air sharing common temperature and humidity characteristics
UK Air Masses situation	POLAR air masses rush to Britain from the North bringing freezing temperatures of the Arctic The TROPICAL air masses comes bringing warmth from the North of Africa When these to collide it creates a weather front. The MARITIME air masses, after soaking up moisture from the Atlantic Ocean, comes and precipitates on the UK The CONTINENTAL air masses cruises across the dry land of Asia to combat the MARITIME air masses However the 250mph jet stream can travel North to cordon off the MARITIME and POLAR air masses leaving us warm OR... it can travel South eliminating the CONTINENTAL and TROPICAL air masses creating cold and wet conditions
Thank You	Thank You