Key To Final

Front 1

Briefly explain (1-2 sentences) why the blood brain barrier is so important, and why antibiotics such as chloramphenicol can pass the barrier while others can’t.

Back 1

Normally, the blood brain barrier prevents many substances from entering the brain, while allowing glucose, gases, and amino acid to enter. Chloramphenicol is a lipid soluble antibiotic, which only lipid soluble antibiotics can pass through the barrier.

Front 2

Patient S is admitted to the ER with having mild numbness on the left side of his face and difficulty speaking. A lumbar puncture is performed and tests negative for any bacterial infection. Dr. House notices a small cold sore on the side of the patient’s mouth and orders an ELISA of a sample from the infected area as well as biopsy from the patient’s brain. Both return positive for a viral infection. What is the most probable cause for the patient’s infection?

Back 2

HSV-1

Front 3

Warts are generally caused by what pathogen?

Back 3

Papilloma virus

Front 4

Which of the following is not an upper respiratory infection?

Back 4

Bronchitis

Front 5

Patient T is a 12 year-old male that presents with fever and a red, sore throat. Later, a grayish membrane appears in the throat. A biopsy of the membrane shows the presence of Gram-positive rod shaped bacteria. It is noted in the medical record that the patient never received the DTaP vaccine. What is the likely diagnosis?

Back 5

Diphtheria

Front 6

HIV is what kind of virus?

Back 6

Retrovirus

Front 7

T-tropic HIV attaches to which receptor on what cell of the immune system?

Back 7

CD4 receptor on TH cells

Front 8

Which pathogen causes the kissing disease (infectious mononucleosis) and Burkitt’s lymphoma?

Back 8

Epstein-Barr virus

Front 9

(T/F) The physiological differences between botulism and tetanus, is that botulism causes flaccid paralysis of smooth muscle, while tetanus prevents the relaxation of contracted muscle

Back 9

true

Front 10

What is the name of the procedure in which spinal fluid is removed from the spinal chord in order to determine the presence of a bacterial infection in the CNS?

Back 10

Lumbar puncture

Front 11

What is the term given to the infection of the eye by Haemophilus influenza which causes eye redness?

Back 11

Conjuctivitis

Front 12

Herpes simplex virus causes all of the following diseases EXCEPT for: Trush does not have herpes!

Back 12

Thrush

Front 13

What is the term used to describe crusting sores, which are spread by inoculation?

Back 13

Impetigo

Front 14

Latency of the Varicella-zoster virus, which causes chicken pox, may lead to what more serious disease?

Back 14

Shingles

Front 15

Patient Q , a male 37 year old, shows blackening in the subcutaneous tissue on the posterior distal portion of his left leg. Tests of a tissue biopsy show the presence of a gram positive bacteria, which contains M proteins, and releases hyaluronidase. The internist resident diagnosis patient Q with necrotizing fasciitis. What bacteria most likely caused this?

Back 15

A. Streptococcus pyrogenes

Front 16

What is a natural defense of the skin and tears that breaks down the peptidoglycan on bacterial cell wall?

Back 16

Lysozyme

Front 17

What natural barrier located in the eyes, which is also found in mucosal membrane, protects the entry of pathogens into the body?

Back 17

IgA

Front 18

Determine whether each infection is caused by (a) bacteria or (b) viruse

Back 18

(b)Herpes simplex
(b)Warts
(a) Acne
(a)Leprosy
(a) Necrotizing fasciitis

Front 19

Acne, being the most common skin disease in humans, is caused by what gram + rod bacteria?

Back 19

Propionibacterium acnes

Front 20

What tissues does Mycobacterium leprae primarily affect in the body?

Back 20

Both skin and nerve

Front 21

How is measles most commonly transmitted?

Back 21

A. Aerosol droplets

Front 22

What 3 viruses does MMR vaccinate against?

Back 22

Measles, mumps, rubella

Front 23

List 3 features of small pox that differentiates it from chicken pox:

Back 23

Small pox caused by the Variola virus, ability to dampen the immune system, can be transmitted through indirect contact, prevented using a live virus vaccine, upon infection fever precedes rashes, and legions are deep and in centrifugal distribution.

Front 24

List 3 natural defenses of the nervous system:

Back 24

Skull and vertebrae, microglial cells and macrophages, restricted entry through blood-brain barrier

Front 25

Meningitis and encephalitis definitions

Back 25

Meningitis, is the inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal chord, while encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain itself.

Front 26

What bacteria causes Meningococcal Meningitis, has a 10-15% mortality rate, and is a growing concern in Universities?

Back 26

Neisseria meningitidis

Front 27

Poliomyelitis, which was thought to be the cause of president FDR’s paralysis, is primarily caused by what?

Back 27

A. Ingestion of poliovirus

Front 28

What causes the inflammatory rash associated with scarlet fever?

Back 28

Production of erythrogenic toxin by S. pyogenes

Front 29

Briefly explain why is there a need for a “cocktail” of antibiotics when treating a patient with tuberculosis?

Back 29

Mycobacterium tuberculosis rapidly acquires resistance to certain types of antibiotics. Once it has been confirmed that the patient is infected with the bacteria it is necessary to treat the infection with multiple antibiotics or a “cocktail” in order to ensure that bacteria is killed off before further health complications arise.

Front 30

What kind of virus causes the flu?

Back 30

An enveloped single stranded RNA virus

Front 31

What bacteria commonly causes gastritis and peptic ulcers?

Back 31

Helicobacter pylori

Front 32

(T/F) Vibrio cholerae causes heavy loss of fluids in its host as well as releases an “A-B” toxin that prevents ribosomal protein synthesis in cells.

Back 32

True

Front 33

What kind of organism is Giardia lamblia and what is the common source of transmission?

Back 33

A. Protozoan— contaminated water

Front 34

(T/F) Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacteria that invades mucosa or breaks through the skin, and can cause neurological damage in some occasions.

Back 34

True

Front 35

What is the correct symptom associated with the type of syphilis?

Back 35

Tertiary-- Gummas on organs

Front 36

What is the importance of nitrogen fixation bacteria to the survival of plants?

Back 36

Nitrogen fixing bacteria remove nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form of nitrogen usable to plants.

Front 37

Give 3 examples of how we use bacteria in industrial settings?

Back 37

Production of food such as beer and cheese, treating of sewage, production of pharmaceuticals, and production of biofuels.