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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioral approach
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how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environments reward or punish these behaviors. The Behavioral approach is the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors.
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Biological approach
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how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, coping techniques, and other traits and abilities.
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Case study
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in-depth analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of a single individual.
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Cognitive approach
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how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.
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Control group
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composed of participants who undergo all the same procedures as the experimental participants except that the control participants do not receive the treatment.
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Cognitive approach
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how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.
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Control group
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composed of participants who undergo all the same procedures as the experimental participants except that the control participants do not receive the treatment.
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Correlation
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an association or relationship between the occurrence of two or more events.
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Cross-cultural approach
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the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on psychological and social functioning.
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Dependent variable
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one or more of the subjects’ behaviors that are used to measure the potential effects of the treatment or independent variable.
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Experiment
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a method for identifying cause-and-effect relationships by following a set of rules and guidelines that minimize the possibility of error, bias, and chance occurrences.
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Experimental group
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composed of those who receive the treatment.
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Functionalism
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the study of the function rather than the structure of consciousness, was interested in how our minds adapt to our changing environment.
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Humanistic approach
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-each individual has great freedom in directing his or her future, a large capacity for achieving personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth, and enormous potential for self-fulfillment.
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Hypothesis
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an educated guess about some phenomenon and is stated in precise, concrete language to rule out any confusion or error in the meaning of its terms.
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Independent variable
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a treatment or something that the researcher controls or manipulates.
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Interview
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a technique for obtaining information by asking questions, ranging from open-ended to highly structured, about a subject’s behaviors and attitudes, usually in a one-on-one situation.
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Introspection
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a method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and report their sensations and perceptions.
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Psychology
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he systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
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Structuralism
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he study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences.
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Survey
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a way to obtain information by asking many individuals—either person to person, by telephone, or by mail—to answer a fixed set of questions about particular subjects.
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Statistics
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are tools researchers use to analyze and summarize large amounts of data.
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Descriptive statistics
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are numbers used to present a collection of data in a brief yet meaningful form.
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A normal curve
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is a graph of a frequency distribution in which the curve tapers off equally on either side of a central high point.
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The mean
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is the arithmetic average of all the individual measurements in a distribution.
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The mode
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is the most frequent measurement in a distribution.
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