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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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conclusions
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- identify what was found and complete a report by identifying an outcome
- describe or discuss the researchers final decisions - contain new knowledge or confirm old - go beyond simply saying what was found: present implications or meaning of those findings for future practice |
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data
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information collected in a study
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data analysis
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pulls elements or information together to present a clear picture of the information collected but it does not interpret or describe the implications for practice of that picture of the information
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descriptive results
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summarize information without comparing it with other information.
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hypothesis
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a prediction regarding the relationships or effects of selected factors on other factors.
- not every study has a one - in order to have one, there must be some knowledge about a problem of interest so that we can propose or predict that certain relationships or effects will occur - qualitative research seldom has one |
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limitations
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are the aspects of how the study was conducted that create uncertainty concerning the conclusion that can be derived from the study as well as the decisions that can be based on it.
- indicate the boundaries of or constraints to the knowledge generated by the research - "fence" that surrounds and "limits" the new knowledge in the report |
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literature review
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a subsection which is a focused summary of what has already been published regarding the question or problem.
- gives us a picture of what is already known or has already been studied in relation to the problem and identifies where the gaps in knowledge may be. |
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measures
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specific methods used to assign a number or numbers to an aspect or factor being studied
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meta-analysis
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a quantitative approach to knowledge by taking the numbers from different studies that addressed the same research problem and using statistics to summarize those numbers, looking for combined results that would not happen by chance alone
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metasynthesis
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a report of a study of a group of single research studies using qualitative methods.
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Methods
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section or a research report describes the overall process of how the researchers went about implementing the research study, including who was included in the study, how information was collected, and what interventions, if any were tested.
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Multivariate
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the study reports findings for three (multi) or more factors and includes the relationships among those different factors.
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Problem
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- also known as the introduction section
- describes the gap in knowledge that is addressed by the research study - researcher explains why the study was needed, why it was carried out in the manner that it was, and, often what the researcher is specifically asking or predicting |
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Procedures
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- included in the methods section
- specific actions taken by researchers to gather information about the problem or phenomena being studied |
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p value
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indicate what percentage of the time the results reported would have happened by chance alone
example .05 means 5 out of 100 times would you expect the results to happen by chance |
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Qualitative methods
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approaches to research that focus on understanding the complexity of humans within the context of their lives and tend focus on building a whole or complete picture of a phenomenon or interest
- involve collection of information as it is expressed naturally by people within the normal context of their lives |
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Quality Improvement Study
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a study that evaluates whether or not certain expected clinical care was completed
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Quantitative methods
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approaches to research that focus on understanding and breaking down the different parts of a picture to see how they do or do not connect
- involve the collection of information that is very specific and limited to the particular pieces of information being studied |
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results
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a summary of the actual findings or information collected in a research study
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sample
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a subset of the total group of interest in a research study
- the individuals in the sample are actually studied to learn about the total group |
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significance
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a statistical term indicating a low likelihood that any differences or relationships found in a study happened by chance alone
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systematic review
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the product of a process that includes asking clinical questions, doing a structured and organized search for theory-based information and research related to the question, reviewing and synthesizing the results from that search, and reaching conclusions about he implications for practice
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themes
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results in a qualitative research that are ideas or concepts that are implicit in the data and are recurrent throughout the data; abstractions that reflect phrases, words, or ideas, that appear repeatedly as a researcher analyzes what people have said about a particular experience, feelings or situation.
- summarizes and synthesizes discrete ideas or phrases to create a picture out of the words that were collected in the research study |
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theory
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an abstract explanation describing how different factors or phenomenon relate
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discussion
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section of a research report summarizes, compares, and speculates about the results of the study
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confirmation
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the verification of results from other studies
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replication
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a study that is a duplication of an earlier study and its major purpose is confirmation
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speculation
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the process of reflecting on results and offering some explanation of them
- considers several alternative explanations for the results and provides a rationale for the author's judgments about which is the best explanation. |
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conceptualization
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the process of creating a picture of an abstract idea; in the case of nursing research, it is a picture of some aspect of health.
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generalization
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the ability to apply a particular study's findings to the broader population represented by the sample .
- more generally applied to quantitative research than qualitative. |
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study design
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the overall plan or organization of a study.
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bivariate analysis
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statistical analysis involving only two variables
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categorization scheme
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an orderly combination of categories carefully defined so that no overlap occurs
- in qualtitative analythis, this is developed based on the ideas found in the data; then pieces of data are put into categories |
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coding
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reducing a large amount of data to numbers or conceptual groups in qualitative research
-in quantitative research, giving individual datum numerical values |
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content analysis
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process of understanding, interpreting, and conceptualizing the meanings in qualitative data
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data reduction
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organizing large amounts of data. usually in the form of words, so that it is broken down (or reduced) and labeled (coded) to identify to which category it belongs
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data saturation
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in qualitative research, it is the point at which all new information collected is redundant of information already collected
- no new information is being generated |
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demographics
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descriptive information about the characteristics of the people studied
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dependent variable
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the outcome variable of interest; it is the variable that depends on other variables in the study
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distribution
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spread among the values for a variable
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frequency distribution
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a presentation of data that indicates the spread of how often values for a variable occured
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independent variable
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those factors in a study that are used to explain or predict the outcome of interest; also are sometimes called predictor variables because they are used to predict the dependent variable
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inference
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the reasoning that goes into the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence
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mean
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the average for a set of values
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measure of central tendency
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a measure that shows the common or typical values within a set of values; central tendency measures reflect the "center" of a distribution, or the center of the spread; the mean, the mode, and the median are the three most commonly used
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median
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a measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls in the exact middle of the distribution when the numbers are in order
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mode
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value for a variable that occurs most frequently
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normal curve
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a type of distribution for a variable that is shaped like a bell and is symmetrical
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predictor variable
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those factors in a study that are expected to affect the dependent variable in a specified manner
- also called independent variable |
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skew
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a distribution where the middle of the distribution is not in the exact center; the middle or the peak of the distribution is to the left or right of the center
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standard deviation
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average differences in values for a variable from the mean value
- a big standard deviation means that there was a wide range of values for the variables - a small standard deviation means that there was a narrow range of values for the variable |
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theme
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results in qualitative research that are ideas or concepts that are implicit in the data and are recurrent throughout the data
- abstractions that reflect phrases, words, or ideas that appear repeatedly as a researcher analyzes what people have said about a particular experience, feeling, or situation - summarizes and synthesizes discrete ideas or phrases to create a picture out of the words that were collected in the research study |
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univariate
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statistical analysis about only one variable
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variable
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some aspect of interest that differs among different people or situations; something that varies; it is not the same for everyone in every situation.
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variance
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the diversity in data for a single variable
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