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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ablation
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surgical removal of tissue
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Acetylcholine
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The neurotransmitter released by neurons to activate muscles
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Action Potential
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The nerve impulse, which is a rapid change in electrical charge across the cell membrane
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Adrenal Glands`
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Endocrine glands whose hormones arouse the body, regulate salt balance, adjust the body to stress, and affect sexual functioning
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Adrenaline
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A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that tens, in general, to arouse the body.
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Agnosia
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A disturbance in the ability to percieve the meaning of stimuli, such as words, objects, or pictures
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All-or-nothing event
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Classifying objects or events as absolutely right or wrong, good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable
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Aphasia
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A speech disturbance resulting from damage to language areas on the temporal lobes of the brain
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Association Cortex
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All areas of the cerebral cortex that are not specifically sensory or motor in function
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Autonomic
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Self Governing
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Autonomic system
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The neural system that connects the brain with the internal organs and glands
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Axon
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A thin fiber that conducts information away from the cell body of a neuron
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Axon Terminals
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branching fibers at the end of axons
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Brainstem
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lowest portions of the brain, including the cerebellum, medulla, and reticular formation.
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Broca's Area
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a language area in the brain related to grammar and pronunciation
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Central Nervous System
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the brain and the spinal chord
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Cerebellum
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a cauliflower-shaped projection at the base of the brain that controls posture and coordination
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Cerebral Cortex
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layer of tissue that forms the outer layer and surface of the cerebrum, responsible for basic sensory and higher mental processes
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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right and left halves of the cerebrum
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Cerebrum
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two large hemispheres that cover the upper half of the brain
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Connector Neuron
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nerve cell that serves as a link between two others
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Corpus Callosum
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large bundles of fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
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Corticalization
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an increase in the relative size of the cerebral cortex
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Cranial Nerves
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one of the twelve major nerves that leave the brain without leaving the spinal cord
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CT Scan
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computed tomography scan; a computer-enhanced x-ray image of the brain
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Dendrites
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fibers projecting from nerve cells that recieve information from other neurons and carry it to the cell body
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Dopamine
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important transmitter substance found in the brain, especially in the limbic system, an area associated with emotional response
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EEG
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device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in the brain; electroencyphalograph
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Effector Cells
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cells in muscles and glands specialized for the production of responses
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Endocrine System
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glands whose secretions pass directly into the bloodstream or the lymph system
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Endorphins
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class of chemicals produced by the pituitary gland that are similar in structure nad pain-killing effect to opiate drugs such as morphine
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Enkephalins
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opiate-like brain chemicals that regulate reactions to pain and stress
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ESB
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direct electrical stimulation and action of brain tissue
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Frontal Lobes
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areas at the top front of the cerebral cortex that includes sites associated with control of movement, smell, and higher mental functions
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Gray Matter
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areas in the nervous system that have a grayish color due to a high concentration of nerve cell bodies
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Growth Hormone
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hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, that promotes bodily growth
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Hippocampus
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structure in the brain associated with the regulation of emotions and transfer of information from short term to long term memory
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Hormone
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glandular secretion that affects bodily functions or behavior
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Hypothalamus
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small area at the base of the brain that regulates motivation and emotion (hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior)
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Ion Channels
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channels through the axon membrane
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Limbic System
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System of interconnected structures in the forebrain that are closely related with emotional response
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Limbic System
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system of interconnected structures in the forebrain that are closely related with emotional response
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Medulla
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enlarged stalk at the base of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls vital life functions
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Metabolism
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the rate at which energy is produced and expended in the body
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Motor Cortex
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nerve cell that carries motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
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Motor Neuron
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nerve cell that carries motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
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MRI Scan
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magnetic resonance imaging- computer enhanced three dimensional representation of the brain or body, based on body's response to magnetic field
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Myelin
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a fatty layer coating some axons that increases the rate at which nerve impulses travel along the axon
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Nerve
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bundle of neuron fibers supported by connective tissue; can be seen with unaided eye
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Neuropeptides
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brain chemicals that regulate the activity of neurons, thereby influencing memory, emotion, pain, hunger, ect.
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Neurotransmitter
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Any of a number of chemical substances secreted by neurons that alter activity in other neurons
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Noradrenaline
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hormone produced by the adrenal glands that tends to arouse the body, associated with anger
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Norepinephrine
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adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body; associated with anger
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Occipital Lobes
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portion at the back of the cerebral cortex that includes areas where vision registers in the brain
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Parasympathetic System
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a branch of the autonomic system responsible for quieting the body and conserving energy
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Parietal Lobes
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area at the top of the brain that includes sites where bodily sensations register in the brain
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Peripheral Nervous System
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all parts of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
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PET Scan
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positron emission tomography; a computer-generated image of brain activity, based on glucose consumption in the brain
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Pineal Gland
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gland in the brain that helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles
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Pituitary Gland
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The "master gland" at the base of the brain whose hormones influence the output of other endocrine glands
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Receptor Sites
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areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters
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Reflex Arc
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The simplest behavior pattern involving only three neurons
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Resting Potential
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The electric charge that exists between the inside and outside of a neuron at rest
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Reticular Formation
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a network of fibers within the medulla associated with attention alertness and activation of higher brain areas
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Sensory Neuron
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A nerve cell that carries information from the senses toward the central nervous system
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Soma
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The main body of a neuron
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Somatic System
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the system of nerves linking the spinal cord with the body and sense organs
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Somasensory Area
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part of the parietal lobes that serves as a recieving area for bodily sensations
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Spinal Nerves
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one of sixty-two major nerves that channel sensory and motor information in and out of the spinal cord
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Sympathetic System
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a branch of the autonomic system responsible for arousing or activating the body in times of stress
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Synapse
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The microscopic space between an axon terminal and another neuron, and which neurotransmitters pass
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Temporal Lobes
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areas on each side of the cerebral cortex that include the sites where hearing registers in the brain
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Thalamus
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structure at the center of the brain that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
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Thyroid Gland
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Endocrine gland whose hormones help regulate metabolism (production and expenditure of energy within the body)
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Wernikes Area
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area of the brain related to language comprehension
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White Matter
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portions of the nervous system that appear white due to the presence of mycelin
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Animal Model
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an animal whose behavior is used to discover principles that may apply to human behavior
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B.F. Skinner
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studied simple behavior under carefully controlled conditions- "radical behaviorsim"
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Case Study
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intensive investigation of the behavior of a single person
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Cognitive Psychology
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The study of human thinking, knowing, understanding, and information processing
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Community Psychology
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use of community resources to promote mental health and treat or preent mental health problems
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Correlational Study
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non-experimental study designed to measure the degree of relationship between two or more events, measures, variables
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Critical Thinking
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ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, criticize, and synthesize information
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Empiricism
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gaining info by direct observation or experience
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Functionalism
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school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments
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Gestalt Psychology
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emphasized the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units
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Industrial-Organizational Psychology
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psychology of work and organizations especially with respect to personell selection, human relations, and management
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John Watson
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observed behaviorism
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Natural clinical Test
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An accident or other natural event that provides psychological data
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Operational Definition
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defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure..
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Pseudo-Psychology
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any false and unspecific system of beliefs and practice that is offered as an explaination of behavior
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Psychodynamic Psychology
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emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconcious forces
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Representative Sample
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A small, randomly selected part of a larger population that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population
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Structuralism
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analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements
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Theory
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system designed to interrelate concepts nad facts in a way that summarizes existing data and predicts future observation
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Wilhelm Wundt
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set up first psychological lab "father of psychology" and used introspection
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Central Tendency
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the tendency for a majority of scores to fall in the midrange of possible value
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Descriptive Statistics
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Used to describe and summarize numeric data
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Coefficient of Correlation
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A statistical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and degree of correlation
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Frequency Distribution
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table that divides an entire range of scores into a series of classes and then records the number of scores that fall into that class
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Frequency Polygon
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graph of a frequency distribution in which the number of scores falling in each class is represented by points on a line
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Histogram
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graph of frequency distribution in which the number of scores falling in each class is represented by vertical bars
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Inferential Statistics
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mathematical tools used for decision making, generalizing from small samples, and for drawing conclusions
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Normal Curve
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a bell-shaped curve with a large number of scores tapering to a few very high or very low scores
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Percent of Variance
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a portion of the total amount of variation in a group of scores
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Scatter Diagram
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a graph that plots the intersection of paired measures (pairs at which x and y cross)
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