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128 Cards in this Set

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Lord Baltimore
Set up Maryland after separating from the Anglican Church in England. He made Maryland a place where Catholicism could be freely worshipped. He also promoted religious tolerance of other religions, so that the Catholics would be given more of a reason to freely worship.
Walter Raleigh
was one of Queen Elizabeth’s favorites, until he seduced one of Queen Elizabeth’s maids of honor and marrying her. He led the voyage to Roanoke Island, and when he came back, it mysteriously vanished.
Christopher Columbus
– Sailed out under the power of Spain to go to “India” in 1492, but ended up in the New World, more specifically, the Bahamas. He ultimately started the expeditions to the new world by both Spain and England.
James Oglethorpe
In 1733, he establisted Georgia as a place of refuge for ex-prisoners and outcasts, and gave them a second chance to be treated equally. Due to the many plantations in the area, everyone was a farmer, had no slaves, and couldn’t create wealth. People were also not allowed to drink alcohol, since no work could be done if you weren’t sober. Eventually, people got tired of the fact that they couldn’t become a higher class and decided to overthrow Oglethorpe.
Vasco da Gama
In 1498, sailed from Spain to India.
Spanish Armada
supposedly an invincible fleet of ships that were used to try to invade England. However when the invasion was attempted in 1588, the result was not good for the Spanish. The fleet was ultimately destroyed. The defeat of this ship was the initial point of the Spanish imperial dreams ending. This defeat also proved England as of having the most powerful navy in the North Atlantic.
Royal Charter
included Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Carolina and Georgia. The colony was under the power of the crown.
Slave Codes
were enforced to keep the large population of African slaves under control. They stated a slave’s status and restricted them from basic freedoms such as reading and writing. Their slave owners were given complete control of their slaves and were given the right to punish them as they pleased. These punishments usually involved physical abuse.
Indentured Servitude
usually people living in poverty who were for a number of years to pay their way. In Maryland and Virginia, the labor of white indentured servants was heavily depended on in the early years. It was not until the seventeenth century that African slaves were being brought over to be used as laborers.
Enclosure
the process where arable land was turned into an area for grazing. This process was used in southwestern England when the national economy was improving. was a factor that contributed to some Englishmen to lose work and eventually find themselves sailing to America to find work. This work would include cultivating tobacco in Chesapeake.
Maryland Act of Toleration
This act was passed in 1649. It stated that there would be a guaranteed toleration to all Christians. This act was started when there were great tensions between the Protestants and Catholics residing in Maryland. Even though this law promoted religious toleration in the state, it only allowed tolerance to the followers of Christianity. It was stated that the death penalty could be enforced to Jews and atheists.
House of Burgesses
the settler appointed assembly of the representative self-government of the Virginian colony. This was the first model example of the many future small parliaments of America. However in 1624, James the 1st was not happy with the cultivation of tobacco and this. This caused him to revoke the charter.
John Calvin/Calvinism
elaborated on Martin Luther’s ideas, and came to the conclusion of “predestination”, the idea that the people who are going to go to heaven are already decided. He wrote a doctrine in 1536 called Institutes of the Christian Religion. He believed all people were born weak and wicked and we needed God to go to heaven.
Peter Stuyvesant
Despotic government leader who had no religious tolerance. He opposed popular suffrage, because he thought the “theif always voted for the thief” and the “rogue for the rogue”. The residents of the New Netherlands didn’t like him. Known as “Father Wooden Leg” by Indians, lead the military battle against the Swedes who kept interfering into the Dutch land, and furthermore abruptly ended the Swedish power in the Americas.
John Winthrop
Protestant-ethic raised man, was the leader of the great Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay and was appointed governor for many years until his death. He sailed the Arabella in 1630 to come to the New World due to career difficulties in England.
Anne Hutchinson
A very strong-minded women, who challenged Massachusetts Bay Colony authority from 1636-38 until she was banished. She held meetings twice at her house, and there taught of the Word of God in her own interpretations. The General Court disapproved of this, and after being banished, moved to Rhode Island. She stayed there until her husband died, then moved to Pelham, New Netherland, and along with her children except for 1, was killed by Indians in 1643.
King Philip's War
Under the power of a Native American named Metacom, he and his group slowed down the expansion of New England settlement, but after they were defeated, Metacom’s wife and son were sold into slavery, and he was beheaded and mounted on a pike to Plymouth, and stayed on display for years. After this war was lost, many Native Americans were dispirited.
Navigation Laws
These laws were enforced by the Dominion of New England. They were created to block American trade with more countries not under the power of England. However, later a time period known as the “salutary neglect” was launched when the new royals put less focus on these much hated laws.
Dutch West India Company
much less prevailing than the domineering Dutch East India Company. The company’s main focus was regulating businesses in the Caribbean. Other focal points of the company were stations in Africa and a booming sugar company in Brazil.
Sir Edmond Andros
An autocratic, military man, who angered the colonists by teaching people against the will of God, was one of the most unpopular governors in the history of America. He first served as governor of New York from 1674 to 1681. He was a supporter of the Duke of York, who, when he became King James II in 1685, made this person governor of the Dominion of New England the following year. After failing at leading the Glorious Revolution, he fled to England and came back to serve as governor of Virginia in 1692 and Maryland 1693-1694.
Fundamental Orders/Thomas Hooker
a reverend who led a group of Boston Puritans. In 1693, he and his followers drafted a document called the Fundamental Orders. This was a constitution, which gave the citizens a democratic government. This was later used for the Connecticut Constitution.
General Court
a sort of government for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1629, the entire ___ moved from London to the colonies, planting the seeds for the future governing body, Congress.
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther, a protestant, had dismissed the power of the priests and the pope, which had started a reform movement against the Catholic Church. This reformation eventually led to the division of many people. This movement spread quickly across Europe and it helped lead to the establishment of Protestantism as a branch of Christianity.
Mayflower Compact
A document that was created and signed by the Pilgrim leaders agreeing to create a government and to be based on what the majority of the people would decide upon. It promised to lead them to self-governing themselves.
Bible Commonwealth
The specific area where the Puritans had settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Many religious leaders had a great influence on the area, therefore it became known as this
Great Puritan Migration
This was also known as the Great English Migration because about seventy thousand English refugees had fled from England, many of which were Puritans. Most of the Puritans had fled to the Caribbean, specifically to the island of Barbados and many of the others had gone to Massachusetts.
Protestant Ethnic
This was a serious commitment of the pursuit to be worldly and engaging in these affairs. Even though the Protestants had practiced their religion intensely, they still enjoyed simple pleasures such drinking or even the practice of monogamy.
Massachusetts Bay Company
a royal charter secured by the non-Separatist Puritans to form the Massachusetts Bay charter. It had been designated to set up a settlement in the Massachusetts area.
Roger Williams
a Salem minister who was an extreme separatist who had wanted a clean break from the Church of England. With the help of some Native American Indians, he fled to the Rhode Island area where he had built the first Baptist church.
William Bradford
one of the Pilgrim leaders in Massachusetts. he was a self-taught scholar who read books written in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Dutch, and in French. He had been reelected over thirty times during their elections. Feared that independent non Puritan settlers "on their particular" might corrupt his godly experiment in the wilderness.
Pilgrims
Devout puritans, knows as separatists, who fled from England in pursuit of a haven where they could live and die as purified protestants.
Puritans
English religious reformers who wished to wholly de catholicize the church of England; wanted a complete reformation/purification. Most came from commercially depressed woolen districts
Conversion
receipt of god’s free gift of saving grace; basically, an experience in which God told the elect of their destiny in heaven
Predestination
the belief that states that since creation, every person has been destined for either heaven or hell
Quakers
a group of dissenters who had deep conviction. - They were negligent to authorities. They refused to pay taxes to the Church of England and instead built their own meetinghouses without a paid clergy. - Because they believed that they were all children under God, they addressed each other with “thee’s” and “thou’s” which confused authorities so many of these people were sent to test oaths in order to check that they were not Roman
Catholic. - William Penn made Pennsylvania a haven for these ppl.
New England Confederation
an exclusive Puritan club made in the colonies which consisted of the two Massachusetts Bay colonies. formed in order for defense against enemies such as the Indians, the Dutch, and the French. It was also made for intercolonial problems.
Glorious Revolution
the overthrow of James II who was replaced by the protestant of the rulers of the Netherlands. influenced the colonists in America and the colonists started to challenge the royal authority in America.
Mayflower
the ship that transported the Pilgrims (a group of Separatists). - This ship stayed out at sea for sixty five day and made its’ initial landing at Plymouth Bay. - It held a 102 people with one dying during the trip.
Covenant
agreement between the church and its’ followers
John Cotton
student at Cambridge University in England. He avoided persecution by emigrating to Massachusetts. While he stayed in the Bay Colony, he defended the government’s duty to enforce religious rules.
Henry Hudson
Sea Explorer and navigator. He explored around the New York area trying to find a western route to Asia. He explored a river which was eventually named after him. was also a fur trader.
William Penn
engaged in quarrels with the colony’s settles. He had a lasting effect on Pennsylvania with his basic policies of liberality, free immigration, and tolerance. Pennsylvania had a great economical success but he gained little from it.
Separatists
were a tiny group of dedicated Puritans. They vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England.
Headright System
This system was enforced by the Virginia Colony and the Maryland Colony. Its purpose was to support the bringing in of servants. This system stated that any person to pay their way would be given a plot of land that totaled to fifty acres. However technically the system stated that the servant’s master would be given the land not the individual servant.
William Berkeley
The governor of Virginia during the 1690’s. He treated the natives as common friendly people which angered the colonists. He also took control over the fur trade of Virginia which outraged colonists. As a result, Nathaniel Bacon and his followers took control and made him flee from office.
Middle Passage
The transatlantic sea voyage that transported African slaves to the Colonies, the Caribbean, and South America. This process, 10 million slaves were transferred to the Americas and four hundred thousand to the British colonies.
Nathaniel Hawthorne/The Scarlet Letter
In Puritan New England, the ways of life were strict and adulterers were punished severely. Part of the punishment was to wear an “A” on their outer garment forever. This book is very famous for this.
Half-way Covenant
The revised way to be a member of the puritan church. Weakened the strength and belief of the Puritan Church. Eventually, Puritan influence would fall away, separating people who sought to keep religious purity at all costs.
Nathaniel Bacon
a planter in Virginia and he wanted Jamestown’s governor to protect them from natives and allow them to create a militia. He saw natives as enemies so he led a rebellion in 1676 which had black and white followers. They burnt down Jamestown, but suddenly he died of illness and Charles II put down the participants of the rebellion.
Jeremiad
a new type of sermon heard from Puritan pulpits. These preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety. Created the Half-Way Covenant which was a new way for church membership. Later on they opened their Puritan church doors to anyone whether converted or not.
Dominion of New England
created by the royal authority. In 1888 they expanded to other states such as New York and East/West Jersey. This group aimed at reinforcing colonial defenses against the Indians.
Witch-hunting
started in 1692. This is a metaphor for the absurd urge to find a reason to blame for social resentments.
Salem Witch Trials
a cycle of trials and hearings that determined if they were going to persecute people that performed witchcraft or were witches. One of the reasons this started was because of the fear of religious traditionalists that the Puritan heritage was being covered up by Yankee Commercialism.
Scots-Irish
one of the many groups of immigrants that came from Europe to the New World. They first migrated from southern Scotland to Northern Ireland then finally settled in the New World. They were the first settlers of the American West. The group was always moving from Pennsylvania to Virginia to the Carolinas and to Georgia. Every ___ community contained a Presbyterian church.
Paxton Boys
In 1764, the Scots-Irish led the march of these group of ppl in Philadelphia. They were marching to protest the Quaker’s oligarchy’s lenient policy toward the Indians. They had a group of over two hundred and fifty men. Later, they spearheaded the Regulatory movement in North Carolina. One of these Scots-Irish men was Andrew Jackson.
Great Awakening
a religious revival that was most popular from the 1730’s to the 1740’s. It was first launched in Northampton, Massachusetts by Jonathan Edwards. One of his most famous sermons was “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”. He preached that followers of God should not focus on good works but complete dependence of God’s grace. However a man named George Whitfield came into the picture a few years later and modified Edwards’s theories which made him more popular. The clergy was separated into the “Old Lights” and the “New Lights”. The old lights were more traditional where the new lights defended the Awakening. An effect of the religious revival included was a more direct relationship with God which undermined the clergy’s authority.
John Peter Zenger/Zenger Decision
a newspaper printer who criticized the royal governor and was eventually charged for seditious libel. - However, at court, Andrew Hamilton who was his lawyer, argued to the jury that this person was just speaking the truth. The jury finally concluded that he was not guilty. This case was notable because it promoted freedom of the press.
Samuel Adams
was a successful politician who had a large alehouse fraternity. His fraternity was located in a tavern which was important in changing the public’s opinion. As the revolutionary momentum gathered, there was many gossiping. Leader of Committees of Correspondence. Led Boston Tea Party.
George Whitefield
was an evangelist preacher. He had a different style of preaching which revolutionized the spiritual life in the colonies. He had a unique voice that boomed over thousands of listeners. He was able to make his audience weep just listening to his message.
Jonathan Edwards
a pastor that started the Great Awakening. He believed that you would receive righteousness by doing good works. He also had a famous sermon called “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”.
Old Lights vs. New Lights
The “__” referred to the orthodox clergy who were extremely disbelieving or the theatrical behavior or the emotion of the revivalists. They did not respond well to the Great Awakening. The “__” referred to the ministers, who welcomed the Great Awakening. They thought of it as restoring the American religion. Many were divided by it, such as the Congregationalists and the Presbyterians.
Benjamin Franklin
played a huge in establishing the University of Pennsylvania with his many contributions. The University had eventually become the first American college that was not under any denominational control.
John Singleton Copley
famous painter from the American Colonies. But he eventually had to go to England where he could finish his training as an artist where he could find enough people to sit for him and others to buy his paintings. He had been seen as being a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War.
Old Lights vs. New Lights
The “__” referred to the orthodox clergy who were extremely disbelieving or the theatrical behavior or the emotion of the revivalists. They did not respond well to the Great Awakening. The “__” referred to the ministers, who welcomed the Great Awakening. They thought of it as restoring the American religion. Many were divided by it, such as the Congregationalists and the Presbyterians.
Pontiac's Rebellion
In 1763 after the French and Indian War, Chief of the Ottawa Tribe led a group of people to have a violent campaign and chase out the British who established themselves in the Ohio Valley. The British responded by sending the Indians blankets that were infested in smallpox, which quickly took the life of Chief in 1769, thus leading to a truce.
Benjamin Franklin
played a huge in establishing the University of Pennsylvania with his many contributions. The University had eventually become the first American college that was not under any denominational control.
Huguenots
had many conflicts with the Catholics. On St. Bartholomew’s Day, dozens of women and children were killed and slaughtered. Many French ___ came to seek freedom from religious persecution in Europe.
John Singleton Copley
famous painter from the American Colonies. But he eventually had to go to England where he could finish his training as an artist where he could find enough people to sit for him and others to buy his paintings. He had been seen as being a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War.
Pontiac's Rebellion
In 1763 after the French and Indian War, Chief of the Ottawa Tribe lead a group of people to have a violent campaign and chase out the British who established themselves in the Ohio Valley. The British responded by sending the Indians blankets that were infested in smallpox, which quickly took the life of Chief in 1769, thus leading to a truce.
Albany Congress
The British decided to create this in New York in order to unite the colonists and make them work together, as well as try to keep the sides of the Indians.
Huguenots
had many conflicts with the Catholics. On St. Bartholomew’s Day, dozens of women and children were killed and slaughtered. Many French ___ came to seek freedom from religious persecution in Europe.
Proclamation of 1763
stated that the land past the Appalachian belonged to the Americans, and the Indians had no right to violently conflict against it, just as they did in Pontiac’s Rebellion.
Albany Congress
The British decided to create this in New York in order to unite the colonists and make them work together, as well as try to keep the sides of the Indians.
Jesuits
French Catholic missionaries who tried to convert Indians. - Made only a few permanent converts. They were good explorers and geographers
Proclamation of 1763
stated that the land past the Appalachian belonged to the Americans, and the Indians had no right to violently conflict against it, just as they did in Pontiac’s Rebellion.
salutary neglect
a period of time (decades) where Britain left the American colonies alone; this provoked the roots of independence in the colonies.
Jesuits
French Catholic missionaries who tried to convert Indians. - Made only a few permanent converts. were good explorers and geographers
salutary neglect
a period of time (decades) where Britain left the American colonies alone; this provoked the roots of independence in the colonies.
Edward Braddock
set out in 1755, during the French and Indian War, with two thousand men into western Pennsylvania to capture Fort Duquesne. Him and his men were exterminated by a much smaller yet tactical French and Indian Army. This defeat was called “” and left the Pennsylvania frontier open to any attack.
Edward Braddock
set out in 1755, during the French and Indian War, with two thousand men into western Pennsylvania to capture Fort Duquesne. He and his men were exterminated by a much smaller yet tactical French and Indian Army. This defeat left the Pennsylvania frontier open to any attack. ""
William Pitt
the greatest known leader that served in the French and Indian War. Known as the “Great Commoner” he captured Louisbourg in 1758. In 1759, he chose James Wolfe to lead the army in the Battle of Quebec. With his help the French left North America in 1763.
James Wolfe
a brilliant British general, appointed by William Pitt, and won the two most different battles of the war, Louisbourg and Quebec. was known for his poor health and great courage. Being one of the first to be injured during the battle of Quebec, he stood his ground, led a great victory, and died an honorable death.
Almshouses
established to care for the sick and homeless. English law states that the poor must wear a “P” to be excluded from society. This “P” meant that the person lives in a poorhouse.
Baron von Steuben
a stern German drillmaster who organized the American militiamen. He spoke no English when he first came to America, but he taught the soldiers very well and was considered an organizational genius.
Mercantilism
belief that wealth was power and a country’s wealth in its’ economy could be measure by the amount of gold and silver it had. A country needed to export more than it imported in order to be wealthy. British authorities believed in this theory greatly. However, it agitated many colonies because it made them more dependent on Britain and it also stifled economic initiative
Royal veto
the right the British reserved to cancel any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if these legislations conflicted with the mercantilism system
No taxation without representation
Angry American colonists cried out this quote in anger due to the unfair taxes such as the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act. Truthfully, colonists did not want __ because if they did earn __ in Parliament, they would be outnumbered and in the end more oppressive tax bills may have been issued
Internal/external taxation
An __ tax is placed on an item coming into the colony. The duty is paid by the shipper but the consumer buys the item for a higher price. An _ tax is a direct tax. The Stamp Act is an example- the consumer knew that he/she had to pay more for the stamp.
Boycott
a way colonists expressed their protests to the unfair taxes. - Nonimportation agreements were a less violent way while the Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty showed more violent ways.
Sugar Act
A law that was passed for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. Increased obligations (duty) on foreign sugar imported from West Indies
John Hancock
made one of the first American fortunes by smuggling; did not follow the law. He was also one of the two rebel “ringleaders” at Lexington and Concord.
Charles Townshend
controlled the British ministry and is notoriously known for passing the Acts which made an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. It also allowed a lighter import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. However, this just angered the colonists more.
Stamp Act
put on the colonists in 1765 to increase revenues for the new military force. The act enforced the colonists to use stamps on all documents such as pamphlets, diplomas, marriage licenses newspapers, and even playing cards, showing that the colonists had been taxed. This law had angered the colonists even more.
Intolerable Acts
In 1774, after the Boston Tea Party, Britain passed these Acts also known as the Boston Port Act. This act had closed the Boston harbors until all the damages had been paid for and they had been put into order. It had taken away the rights of the Massachusetts charter and closed the port ships in Boston.
First Continental Congress
As a response to the Intolerable Acts, the colonists had established this in 1774 which met in Philadelphia. Each of the colonies, aside from Georgia, had sent fifty representatives who were all very well respected men, including George Washington, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Adams. They had acted as a convention rather than a congress and had come up with the Declaration of Rights. They had also created the Association, which was a plan for the colonists to boycott British goods.
Committees of Correspondence
After the first one had been created in Boston, many other towns had later set up similar committees as well. Their main goal was to spread the resistance against the British by exchanging letters. This had eventually led to the creation of the House of Burgesses from Virginia in 1773.
King George III
reigned as king of England during the time of the Revolutionary war. He had also become known as America’s last king. He had provoked the colonists and had eventually lost all of the thirteen colonies.
Quebec Act
worsened the feelings made from the “Intolerable Acts”. This act gave the French people living in Canada a land extension. The new ___ stretched from the east Canada coast to the Ohio Valley. The French were also granted the right to practice Catholicism and carry on with their customs. This angered most of the anti-Catholics in the colonies.
Boston Massacre
On March 5, 1770, a crowd of sixty townsfolk began taunting and throwing snowballs at 10 British Soldiers. These people were angry from the death of an 11 year old boy. There were many views on who’s to blame. People say that the soldiers were only trying to put down a riot. Others say that the soldiers need to get out of their towns. Luckily, John Adams served as a lawyer to defend the soldiers.
Loyalists
conservatives who were loyal to the British crown. Were often brutally mistreated by patriots. These tensions separated families and friends.
Navigation Acts
A law passed by Parliament to regulate mercantilism. This was aimed at the Dutch shippers to prevent them from trading with the Americans. Americans were to first stop at Britain to drop off the products, such as tobacco.
The Association
a boycott the colonists did to rebel against the unjust laws that Parliament kept on sending.
Stamp Act Congress
first was a small organization but started to gather the leaders from all over the colonies. It was not taken seriously by Parliament. They spread ideas and advice on how to boycott British goods such as wearing wool clothing and not eating lamb chops.
Declaratory Act
passed when the Stamp Act was repealed. It stated that Parliament had the rights “to bind” colonies in all cases whatsoever. This basically meant that the British government yielded no sort of power to the colonies.
Republicanism
defined as a society in which citizens give up their selfish needs to achieve a common and greater good. It also implied self-sufficiency, courage, and civic involvement.
Radical Whigs
feared the influence from a monarch or king and would rather have a government where the people rule themselves. They saw corruption in the monarchs. Together, republican and Whig ideas made colonists well aware of threats against their rights.
John Adams
first rose to prominence as an opponent of the Stamp Act of 1765. He was a lawyer of Massachusetts and was also a strong member of the Sons of Liberty. He was also one of the representatives sent to the Continental Congress of 1774. Its purpose was to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances.
Crispus Attucks
was described by contemporaries as a powerfully built run-away “mulatto” and a leader of the mob. He was unfortunately one of the first to die in the Boston Massacre on March 5th, 1770. He was considered to be an American martyr in the revolutionary struggle for freedom.
Hessians
When George the 3rd had the treasury hire foreign soldiers, about thirty thousand German soldiers were left unemployed. The Americans called all the European mercenaries __ because most of the soldiers-for-hire came from the German principality of __. They were good soldiers in a mechanical sense however many of them were not really interested in the fighting.
Board of Trade
In 1696, King William III appointed eight paid commissioners to promote trade in the colonial plantations. The Lords Commissioners of Trade and Foreign Plantations, appointed in 1696 and commonly known as this, did not constitute a committee of the Privy Council, but were, in fact, members of a separate body. The board carried on this work but also had long periods of inactivity, devolving into chaos after 1761 and abolished in 1782 by an act of Parliament by the Rockingham Whigs.
Townshend Acts
Parliament passed these Acts in 1767 and the most important of the new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea. seizing on a dubious distinction between internal and external taxes, made this tax, unlike the Stamp Act, an indirect customs payable to at American ports. What really angered the colonists was that fact that they were being taxed without representation.
Admiralty courts
also known as maritime courts, are courts exercising jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries and offences. They were appointed to oversee the Navigation Laws.
Sons of Liberty
A group of American patriots who sometimes took the law into their own hands in response to the British taxes. Sometimes violence accompanied their colonial protests. A similar group was the Daughters of Liberty. They cried, “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps.” Some members included Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and James Otis.
Quartering Act
passed in 1765 by Parliament. It stated that certain colonies were required to provide food and quarters for British troops. Some colonial assemblies defiantly refused to comply with this Act, or voted only a fraction of the supplies that it called for.
Boston Tea Party
On December 16th, 1773 the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Indians, hurled chests of tea into the sea to protest the tax on tea. They also did this to make sure that its cheap price did not prove an “invincible temptation” to the people. The Sons of Liberty cried “Boston Harbor a teapot this night”. A leading spirit was Samuel Adams.
Battle of Trenton
After George Washington’s crossing of the icy cold Delaware River on December 26, 1776, they surprised attacked the British troops early in the morning and forced many of the Hessians to retreat and disperse.
Battle of Saratoga
British were defeated by General Benedict Arnold in July 17, 1777 and were forced to retreat.
George Rogers Clark
led a group of militia down the Ohio River in 1778-79 to have a surprise attack on the forts
Chief Joseph Brant
on the side of the British, he was the Mohawk chief and thought that if he supported the British, it would stop the Americans from expanding west into his land.
Battle of Yorktown
This was when Grasse surrounded the British Blockade and Washington came into New York and so did Rochambeau surrounded General Cornwallis’ army and forced him to surrender on Oct 19, 1781.
Benjamin Franklin (diplomat)
He was one of the two people (John Jay and John Adams) to sign the Treaty of Paris in 1783, where they officially gained freedom from the British, and promised not to attack Loyalists. He was very well – appreciated in France, and the audience applauded when he kissed and embraced Francois Voltaire.
John Paul Jones
he was very famous in the Revolutionary War for being a good naval officer, and changed his name to __ after accused of killing a mutineer on his British merchant ship
Treaty of Paris (1783)
signed with three representatives: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay. They stated that the colonies were now separate from the British and that they could not attack the Loyalists any longer.
Olive Branch Petition
This was a petition from the Continental Congress in 1775 asking the British king, King George III, to end further conflicts with the colonies. In the petition, the Continental Congress had admitted to American loyalty to the crown, but King George III had killed off the colonists’ hope for forgiveness.
Thomas Paine
In 1776, he wrote Common Sense. He not only wanted independence, but he also wanted to create a republic for the colonists where the power came from the people themselves and not from one monarch.
Benedict Arnold
led a small American force along with Ethan Allen who captured the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Later, he became known as an American traitor in 1780. Because he was greedy and ambitious, he had schemed with the British to give away the main stronghold of West Point, which dominated the Hudson River.
Patriots
American rebels in the colonies
Loyalists
Colonists who were loyal to the king