Key Associations From Usmle First Aid

Front 1

Actinic (solar) keratosis

Back 1

Squamous cell carcinoma (precursor lesion, 1/1000 progress to CA)

Front 2

Acute gastric ulcer following CNS injury (i.e. blow to head)

Back 2

Cushing's ulcer (increased cranial pressure causes vagal secretion)

Front 3

Acute gastric ulcer following severe burn

Back 3

Curling's ulcer (dec plasma volume --> sloughing of gastric mucosa)

Front 4

Alternate areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

Back 4

Chron's disease (skip lesions)

Front 5

Likely cause of dissecting aneurysm

Back 5

HTN

Front 6

Cause of AAA or descending aortic aneurysm

Back 6

Atherosclerosis

Front 7

Ascending aortic aneurysm

Back 7

Tertiary syphylis, Marfan's

Front 8

Mamillary body atrophy

Back 8

Wernicke's encephalopathy

Front 9

Thiamine deficiency leading to ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion

Back 9

Wernicke's encephalopathy

Front 10

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis/shrinkage of spleen)

Back 10

Sickle cell

Front 11

Bacteremia/pneumonia organism in IV drug user

Back 11

Staph Aureus

Front 12

Likely bacterial meningitis in adult or elderly

Back 12

Strep Pneumonia, N. meningitidis

Front 13

Likely bacterial meningitis in newborns? kids?

Back 13

Group B Strep (newborns); S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis (kids)

Front 14

Name for benign melanocytic nevus. What age range?

Back 14

Spitz nevus. Up to 20

Front 15

Bleeding disorder w/ Gp1b deficiency

Back 15

Bernard-Soulier disease

Front 16

Clotting step defective in Bernard-Soulier disease

Back 16

Platelet adhesion (causes incr bleeding time)

Front 17

Supratentorial tumor in kid

Back 17

Craniopharyngioma (derives from Rathke's pouch)

Front 18

Infrantentorial tumor in kid

Back 18

1.) Astrocytoma, 2.) Medulloblastoma

Front 19

Location of medulloblastoma

Back 19

Cerebellum (infratentorial)

Front 20

Most common form of breast cancer

Back 20

Invasive Ductal Carnicoma (in US, 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer)

Front 21

Most likely cause of breast mass in postmenopausal women

Back 21

Cancer

Front 22

Most likely cause in breast mass in premenopausal woman

Back 22

Fibrocystic change

Front 23

Most likely pneumonia organism in debilitated, hospitalized patient

Back 23

Klebsiella

Front 24

Cardiac manifestation of SLE and valve effected

Back 24

Libman-Sacks endocarditis, mitral

Front 25

Primary heart tumor in kid

Back 25

Rhabdomyoma, assoc. w tuberous sclerosis

Front 26

Primary heart tumor in adult, and likely locaiton

Back 26

Myxoma; left atrium

Front 27

"Ball and valve" heart tumor

Back 27

Myxoma, often presents with syncope

Front 28

Most likely cause of heart tumor in adult

Back 28

Metastasis

Front 29

Most common cardiomyopathy

Back 29

Dilated (40% are familial)

Front 30

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

Back 30

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Front 31

Frequent outcome of Arnold-Chriari malformation

Back 31

Hydrocephalus (can also be presentation)

Front 32

Chronic arrhytmia is most likely ?

Back 32

Atrial fib

Front 33

Pt with atrial fib has a very high risk of?

Back 33

Embolus

Front 34

Chronic atrophic gastritis predisposes to what two conditions?

Back 34

Gastric carcinoma, pernicious anemia

Front 35

Risk factor for vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Back 35

DES exposure in utero

Front 36

Congenital cardiac anomaly

Back 36

VSD

Front 37

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

Back 37

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (hepatocytes can't secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

Front 38

Cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing world

Back 38

TB (1/3rd of world's population has TB, though mostly latent infections)

Front 39

In order, the three most likely vessels involved in coronary artery thrombosis

Back 39

LAD > RCA > LCA

Front 40

Three congenital heart defects with early cyanosis (this is less common)

Back 40

Tetralogy, transposition, truncus arteriosus

Front 41

Three congenital heart defects with late cyanosis

Back 41

VSD, ASD, PDA

Front 42

Cause of death in CML

Back 42

Blast crisis

Front 43

Cause of death in SLE

Back 43

Nephropathy (look for anti-ds-DNA antibody)

Front 44

Two leading causes of dementia

Back 44

1.) Alzheimers, 2.) Multiple infarcts (usually small)

Front 45

Four common causes of DIC

Back 45

Gram neg sepsis, obstetric complication, cancer, burns

Front 46

Mnemonic for causes of DIC

Back 46

STOP Making New Thrombi (Sepsis, Trauma, Obstetric complications, Pancreatitis, Malignancy, Nephrotic syndr., Transfusions)

Front 47

Most common mineral dietary deficit

Back 47

Iron

Front 48

Diverticulum in pharynx

Back 48

Zenker's diverticulum

Front 49

Diagnostic method for Zenker's diverticulum

Back 49

Barium swallow

Front 50

Cause of ejection click

Back 50

Aortic/pulmonary stenosis

Front 51

Most common esophageal cancer (in the WORLD)

Back 51

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 52

Most common esophageal cancer (in the US)

Back 52

Adenocarcinoma (following Barrett's esophagus, following GERD)

Front 53

Exo-toxin mediated food poisoning organisms (2)

Back 53

Staph Aureus, B. cereus

Front 54

Most common gene involved in cancer

Back 54

p53 (ALL THE CANCER!)

Front 55

Most common gynecologic malignancy (in US)

Back 55

Endometrial carcinoma; 2nd most common is ovarian

Front 56

Most common heart murmor

Back 56

Mitral valve prolapse

Front 57

1st and 2nd valves affected in rheumatic fever

Back 57

Mitral, aortic

Front 58

Valve affected in bacterial endocarditis for IV drug user

Back 58

Tricuspid

Front 59

Two helminth infections in U.S

Back 59

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm, scotch-tape test), Ascaris lumbricoides; Tx both w -bedazole drugs

Front 60

Cause and shape of epidural hematoma

Back 60

Ruptured middle meningeal artery, lens-shaped (biconvex)

Front 61

Cause and shape of subdural hematoma

Back 61

Rupture of briding veins, crescent shaped

Front 62

Hemochromatosis causes increased risk for what two conditions?

Back 62

CHF & hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 63

Usual cause of hemochromatosis & likely pt groups

Back 63

Multiple blood transfusions; Sickle cell pts & pts w severe thalassemia

Front 64

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 64

Cirrhotic liver (most often assoc w HBV & HCV), tumor marker: alpha-fetoprotein

Front 65

Hereditary harmless jaundice?

Back 65

Gilbert's syndrome (aka benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

Front 66

Four diseases with HLA-B27

Back 66

PAIR = Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, IBD arthritis (ulcerative colitis), Reiter's syndrome

Front 67

Three diseases with HLA-DR3 or DR4

Back 67

Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid, SLE

Front 68

Three causes of holosystolic murmur

Back 68

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

Front 69

Hypercoagulability + endothelial damage + blood stasis = ?

Back 69

Virchow's triad for venous thrombosis

Front 70

Most common cause of secondary HTN

Back 70

Renal disease

Front 71

Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

Back 71

Thyroidectomy

Front 72

Most common cause of hypopituitarism

Back 72

Adenoma (usually benign)

Front 73

Infection during blood transfusion

Back 73

Hep C

Front 74

Radiolucent kidney stone

Back 74

Uric acid

Front 75

Radiopaque kidney stone

Back 75

Calcium (most common cause) or struvite

Front 76

Cause of struvite stones

Back 76

Urease positive organisms, Proteus vulgaris or Staph spp.

Front 77

CBC abnormality in Eisenmerger's

Back 77

Polycythemia

Front 78

Most common lysosomal storage disease

Back 78

Gaucher's (crinkle paper cytoplasm)

Front 79

Most common cancer in men

Back 79

Prostatic carcinoma

Front 80

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

Back 80

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Front 81

Most common cause of mental retardation

Back 81

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 82

Top 2 congenital causes of mental retardation

Back 82

Down's, Fragile X

Front 83

Six cancers with bone metastasis

Back 83

Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney

Front 84

Five cancers with brain metastasis

Back 84

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI (Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia)

Front 85

Five cancers with liver metastasis

Back 85

Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung

Front 86

Skin malignancies, in order of incidence

Back 86

Basal cell, Squamous cell, Melanoma (trouble if they go through the BaSeMent membrane)

Front 87

Cause of mitral valve stenosis

Back 87

Rheumatic heart disease

Front 88

Mixed upper & lower motor neuron disease

Back 88

ALS

Front 89

Most common causative organism for myocarditis

Back 89

Coxsackie B virus, also Echovirus

Front 90

Neoplasm in kids (2 most common)

Back 90

1.) ALL, 2.) Astrocytoma (in cerebellum, note perivascular pseudorosettes)

Front 91

Cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

Back 91

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Front 92

Cause of nephrotic syndrome in kids

Back 92

Minimal change disease (assoc. w infections/vaccinaitons; tx w corticosteroids)

Front 93

Opening snap = ?

Back 93

Mitral stenosis (diastolic murmur)

Front 94

Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS pts

Back 94

Pneumocystic jiroveci penumonia (tx: TMP-SMX)

Front 95

Organs sending mets

Back 95

Lung > breast, stomach

Front 96

Osteomyelitis causative organism

Back 96

Staph. aureus

Front 97

Osteomyelitis with sickle cell

Back 97

Salmonella

Front 98

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

Back 98

Pseudomonas

Front 99

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

Back 99

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

Front 100

Most common benign ovarian tumor

Back 100

Serous cystadenoma

Front 101

Most common malignant ovarian cancer

Back 101

Serous cystadenocarcinoma (marker: CA-125; psammoma bodies)

Front 102

Pancreatic tumor

Back 102

Adenocarcinoma (most often in head, presents with painless jaundice)

Front 103

Causes of acute pancreatitis

Back 103

Alcohol, gallstones

Front 104

Causes of chronic pancreatitis

Back 104

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

Front 105

Ages for ALL/CLL/AML/CML

Back 105

ALL - child
CLL/AML - Over 60
CML - 35-50

Front 106

Typical pt w Hodgkin's disease

Back 106

Young male

Front 107

Type of Hodgkin's in females

Back 107

Nodular sclerosis type

Front 108

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Back 108

N. gonorrhea (often w monoarticular arthritis), Chlamidiae

Front 109

Philadelphia chromosome (9:22)

Back 109

CML

Front 110

Gene fusion in Philadelphia chormosome

Back 110

bcr-abl

Front 111

Two most common pituitary tumors

Back 111

Prolactinoma, somatotrophic "acidophilic" adenoma

Front 112

Most common primary amenorrhea

Back 112

Turner's (XO, webbed neck, streak ovaries)

Front 113

Most common primary bone tumor in adults

Back 113

Multiple myeloma

Front 114

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Back 114

Adrenal adenoma

Front 115

Primary hyperparathyroidism (3 causes)

Back 115

Adenoma, Hyperplasia, Carcinoma (toxic, of parathyroid)

Front 116

Likely cause of recurent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

Back 116

Buerger's disease (strong assoc. w tobacco, common presentation is young male smoker)

Front 117

Two diseases associated with renal cell carcinoma

Back 117

von Hippel-Lindau, ADPKD

Front 118

Name for right heart failure due to pulmonary causes

Back 118

Cor pulmonale

Front 119

Protodiastolic gallop is another name for?

Back 119

S3 heart sound

Front 120

Presystolic gallop is another name for?

Back 120

S4 heart sound

Front 121

Most likely cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Back 121

Chronic kidney disease (-> hypocalcemia)

Front 122

Reasons for S3 heart sound

Back 122

Increased ventricular filling (Left to right shunt, mitral regurg, LV failure, CHF, dilated cardiomyopathy)

Front 123

Reasons for S4 heart sound

Back 123

Stiff or hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, recent MI)

Front 124

Most likely cause of SIADH

Back 124

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Front 125

Site of diverticula

Back 125

Sigmoid colon

Front 126

4 most common sites (in order) for atherosclerosis

Back 126

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Front 127

Most common stomach cancer

Back 127

Adenocarcinoma

Front 128

Stomach ulcerations + high gastrin levels

Back 128

Zollinger-Ellison

Front 129

Two sites of Zollinger-Ellison gastrinomas

Back 129

Duodenum, pancreas

Front 130

t(14;18) - Dx and gene activated

Back 130

Follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 activation)

Front 131

t(8;14) - Dx and gene activated

Back 131

Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)

Front 132

t(11;22) - Dx

Back 132

Ewing sarcoma

Front 133

Important complication of temporal arteritis

Back 133

Ipsilateral blindness from opthalmic thrombosis

Front 134

Condition commonly assoc. w temopral arteritis

Back 134

Polymyalgia rheumatica; labs: incr ESR

Front 135

Most common testicular tumor

Back 135

Seminoma ("fried egg" appearance of cells)

Front 136

Adrenal medullary tumor in adults, kids

Back 136

Adults - Pheochromocytoma, Kids - neuroblastoma (malignant; Homer Wright pseudorosettes)

Front 137

Most common type of Hodkin's

Back 137

Nodular sclerosis type

Front 138

Most common type of non-Hodgkin's

Back 138

Diffuse large cell

Front 139

Most common cause of temporal viral encephalitis

Back 139

HSV

Front 140

Most common vitamin deficiency in US

Back 140

Folic acid

Front 141

Length of body supply of folic acid

Back 141

3-4 months