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51 Cards in this Set
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Behavior-environmental fit
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congruence between the physical setting and the needs and aspirations of an individual or group.
Physical setting = needs |
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environmental determinism
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-a rational architecture will create a better society
-design and planning have a direct and determinant effect on the way people behave. -Chandigar - Michelson - Westgagte friendship patterns. |
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probabilism
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the environment provides opportunities for a range of possible human responses from which people chose, but the environment makes some choices more likely than others.
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Participant observation
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you become part of the space
-ie. move into neighborhood - interviews, art therapy |
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case study research
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Diagnostic and exploratory research uses this method
-interviews, observation, analysis of historic records. -either unusual or unique or representative of other topics like it. -single complex objects, buildingss, episodes, societies. |
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experimental research
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empiricist
-establish cause and effect by systematically manipulating dependent and independent variables to observe effects. |
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quasi-experimental research
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empiricist
-seeks natural setting that approximate lab conditions. -ie. MIT westgate and Park Forest. |
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action research
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Kurt Lewin
For change to occur the total situation has to be taken into account. The goal should be to describe the institutions and setting of social life and to investigate forces that can bring about change for better or resist change. -seeks to understand a setting as basis for making changes to improve the way it functions. ie. newspaper office study |
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design cycle (Zeisel)
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-Programming - objectives, constraints, criteria
-Design - decision to satisfy criteria. -Construction-build and modify -Use-move in and adapt -Evaluation- review and monitor Future design knowledge |
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phenomenology
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a method of listening to how a subject presents itself in its own terms and its own space without researcher manipulation, assumptions or biases.
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Transactional or Pragmatist theory
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What we come to know about the environment is
rooted in what “works” for us in the course of action, that is, what facilitates goal-directed action. • In the process of our continued actions, we may revise what we know. |
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personal space
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invisible boundary around us in which other may not cross wo/causing discomfort or stress.
-provides protection -provides communication |
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territoriality
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behavior,feeling,thoughts of a person/group based on perceived ownership of space
-primary- home -secondary-office space -public - plaza |
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lived space
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relationship to the body as it moves and performs the functions of daily life.
-home is the center of movement. -home is where we start from |
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conceptual space
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abstract, geometric,objectively measured
like dimensions of a house |
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gentrification
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urban neighborhoods that undergo disinvestment and economic decline and then reinvestment and immigration of middle and upper class.
-rent gap occurs - gap between actual rent and what can now be demanded. |
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redlining
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banks will not give loans in particular areas. Mostly ethical or racial issues.
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affordable housing
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30% of gross income
- mortgage/rent - taxes - insurance - HOA or utilities |
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housing rights
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1949 Housing Act - Provide a “decent home and suitable living environment for every American family”
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defensible space
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Oscar Newman
-inhibit crime through physical features which encourage residents to feel a sense of territoriality and community and take responsibility for their space. |
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place attachment
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Place: a meaningful location, which
is given meaning by people’s habitation and use (a “lived space”) e.g. Boulder, my city Sense of place: the subjective, emotional meaning which people attach to a place. Places in this sense are “profound centers of human experience,” characterized by: • landscapes with which people identify • community • rootedness |
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le Corbusier's Radiant City
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tower block, super highway and green space
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Design Research
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Approches Design Setting
Diagnostic Case st natural Descriptive Survey contriv Theoretical Exp Action |
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#1 Characteristics of env and behavior research and decade when it was formed as a new field.
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1. Looks at settings as a unit rather than looking at individual stimuli - how all pasts fit together.
-Whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 2. Most research done in space/place of everyday life - not labs. 3. Studies relationships- how envir facilitates and constrains behavior and feeling and how people change envir. 4. responds to practical questions about real world problems. Undertake research for both applied and theoretical at the same time. 5. Commitment to a better world. Goal is to create better people-envir relationship. 6. Interdisiplinary - sociology,psychology,history,geography, human factors, arch/planning. 7.Uses a variety of methods. DECADE - 1968, 1969 |
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#2 How design of Chandigarh and people's use of it reflect determinism or probabalism.
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At Chandigarh the architects believed that what they built would be used (determinism), but they built with no regard for Indian culture or traditions. The residents had to change the space to make it work for them, ie. kitchen used floor and stored stuff on the stove. Used rooms differently than planned. (probabilism).
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#3 Psychoanalytic theory
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Freud
Two drives - love of life and attraction to death. Civilizations force us to repress these drives and thus our true feelings are unconscious. EB- the meaning and function of envir are rooted in these 2 drives. The form, content, meaning expresses unconscious needs and conflicts. |
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#3 Behaviorism
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Watson and Skinner
Science must be objective and therefore based on what can be empirically observed. what can be observed and measured are stumulus-response relationships. (need for food,water,shelter,sex). seeking reinforcement not punishment. EB-everything in envir can be described in terms of stimuli providing reinforcement or punishment. |
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#3 Gestalt
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what people perceive is the whole not an assembledge of individual pieces of info. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
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#3 Ecological psych of Roger Barker
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most humans takes place in behavioral settings which involves standing patterns of social relationships with location. - how you act differently in different situations. ie. baseball game, church, home...
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#3 Ecological psych of James Gibson
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people know the world by moving and acting in it and are in a dynamic relationship to their surroundings.
Affordance is neither in the envir or the person but in the relationship between them. |
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#4 Advantages and disadvantages of natural versus contrived research
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Contrived - labs offer strongest experimental controls at the cost of questionable relevance to the real world.
Natural - unique opp to observe people in settings the chose to come to, engage in activity and contrived cannot recreate this. This is appropriate for diagnostic studies in which you want to find out what is actually going on. |
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5. Personal space purposes
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protection from overstimulation, stress from being to close.
communication-signals type of relationship ie business,friend,lover intimate 0-1.5 ft personal 1.5 to 4 social 4 to 12 public >12 |
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#5 Territoriality purposes and characteristics that define primary,secondary,public.
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Behavior based on perceived ownership.
Communication-graphic,verbal,non-verbal,environmental. Defense-verbal,non-verbal,physical(fence), aggresion,war. primary-home secondary-office,neighborhood public-shared with many,park importance high M L occupancy long freq occas ownership perc disp temp personal. high some temp defense high often rare function privacy social envi solitude |
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#6 Physical and social factors that encourage the formation of friends (Michelson)
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Physical - the factor most clearly influencing formation was physical distance between front doors. The fewer feet between them the more likely they would become friends.
-the same is true of residential courts.. -pattern of movement lead to friendships. Functional distance - 1st and 2nd floor near stairs were friends. Social - presence of children. sitting on stoops/driveway people on corners more isolated -homogeneity-the greater the perceived homogeneity the greater that participation in the 'hood. -manual tasks-share tools... -mutual assistance ie childcare. |
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#7 Design features associated wtih criminal behavior around buildings and design mechanisms to achieve defensible space.
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Oscar Newman - inhibit crime through physical features which encourage residents to feel a sense of territoriality and community and to take responsibility.
4 major categories: 1. Create zones of territorial influence. 2.provide opps for surveillance by residents. 3.Projecting appearance of normality, good care 4.Locate next to safe area. -physical factors that correlate with crime -height -size of project-is it low income? -# of people who share public space -#of publicily assisted housing projects in the area. to create better space- real of symbolic bariers to entry of strangers ie fences -demarcate outdoor space for use by 1 house or a small group. -group units to encourage neighboring. -position windows to enable residents to be "eyes on the street" -locate developments in safe urban areas. -outdoor funiture, lighting, clear sight line for surveillance -landscaping, activity areas. |
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#8 Properties of home versus house
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Home-a relationship between people and their dwelling.
House- an object Home- Order- Temporal,Predictable, familiar. Sociocultural-reflects cultural beliefs and social practices. Identity-home draws identity from dweller and visa versa. spacial-place based-from context of site and personal and social circumstances of dweller. temporal-home est who we are by containing artifacts of where we have been and helps create a meaningful future. Also sets perception of ugliness and attractiveness. connectedness-connects to other people by being a gathering plcae. connects us with the place where it is by providing a base to journey out from and return. -past-anchors memories future-provides safe place to imagine, and plan. |
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#9 Goals of public housing policy from 1930s to 1980s
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1937-
1. Assist construction industry 2. Reduce unemployment. 3..eliminate slums 4.make affordable housing available to low income. 1949- 1.Eliminate substandard housing 2.stimulate housing construction. 3.provide decent home for every american. 1954- 1.new housing conditional on slum clearance and urban renewal. 1965-HUD -1.Rental assistance 2. Section 8 1983- 1. Section 8 cut back 2. no money for public housing. |
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#10 Changes in design of public housing from 1940 to 1970
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30s to 40s - Semi-enclosed courts w/ walk up bldg- neighborhood model.
40s to 60s- rowhouses with open space between, or high-rise elevator bldg- super blocks. Closing building sites to through streets and placing buildings at an angle to perimeter streets • Separation of site from surrounding neighborhood • Extensive open space with little program for it 70s- semi-enclosed or fully enclosed courts for low-rise housing. Reintroducing streets • Fronting buildings and building entries on the street • Stressing individuality of households • Demarcating spaces • Enclosing private and shared spaces • Integrating housing into the surrounding neighborhood • Combining housing with social services and urban revitalization • Local variations in design solutions |
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#11 Sudhir Ventakesh initial approach in public housing, why he abandoned it, and what he chose next and why
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He started out with surveys and stopped because he was threatened and told that he would not get the info he wanted with surveys. He needed to learn what they are about. He then became an observer in order to gain their trust.
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#12 How children were affected by living in public housing as its conditions deteriorated (Kotlowitz)
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Some dropped out of school
Went to jail Had to grow up too fast take care of siblings deal with guns no hope for future. |
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#13 - strategies to create affordable housing, and the community benefits of it.
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Strategies-
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#14- contemporary processes that are eroding a sense of home and sense of place and creating homlessness and placelessness
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The contemporary world is beset by creeping placelessness. Mass produced
places look alike, feel alike, offer the same bland possibilities of experience, and resist appropriation and the experience of insideness. These non-places are spaces of: • circulation (freeways, airports) • consumption (department stores, malls, supermarkets) • communication (telephones, computers, TVs) •corporatisation (standardization and commodification of the landscape, disneyfication, museumification) where people co-exist without dwelling together. In the contemporary world, place is threatened by the mobility of flexible capital, rapid transportation and mass communication. |
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#15 major causes of homelessness in US since 1980s
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Deindustrialization: the nation’s shift from a
manufacturing economy with well-paying factory jobs to finance, services, and information processing jobs that pay minimum wage or require high levels of education, and that have few union members.\ |
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#16 Properties of place in contrast to space
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Place: a meaningful location, which is given meaning by people’s habitation and use (a “lived space”)
e.g. Boulder, my city Sense of place: the subjective, emotional meaning which people attach to a place. space: abstract, geometric, objectively measured areas and volumes (“conceptual space”) e.g. 40.01º N by 105.17º W |
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#17 William Cronon-different dimensions of a comprehensive understanding of the meaning of place and how Kennecott exemplifies western place histories
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Cronon-
1.ecology of people as organisms sharing the universe with other organisms. description (regional geography) -- narratives about the topography, history, economy and culture that make places particular and unique. 2.political economy of people as social beings reshaping nature and one another to produce their collective life. • social construction (radical geography) – analysis of how places are products of underlying political, economic and social forces. 3.cultural values of people as storytellilng creatures struggling to find the meaning of their place in the world. phenomenology (humanistic geography) – qualitative exploration of how the essence of human existence is necessarily and importantly “in place” Kennecott- Ecology-look at natural features, climate, growing season,bedrock,minerals,soil, vegetation,animal species, microorganisms that infect people. This is an atlas showing what is distinctive about this place. Look at what people ate. history of people and place carry us back and forth across tthe boundary between people and nature to reveal just how culturally constructed that boundary is and how dependent on nature it is. The paths out of town link a community to the larger circumstances that create it. |
not sure about this question
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#18 Ways to facilitate authentic placemaking
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1. Designers and builders can preserve the topography of the
place, so that people see and feel the contours of the land. 2.They can root buildings into a place, versus parking them on a site. 3.New buildings can respect these principles— including construction with local materials, as if they grew out of the ground. ie Steiner schools. 4.designers can create a fully embodied encounter that shows the touch of the “thinking hand.” 5.connect the indoors with the outdoors with natural light and window views, large and small. 6.create new buildings with elements of traditional forms 7.introduce local plants and the circulation of rainwater into buildings. |
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#19 Advantages and disadvantages of gentrification
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Ad-
1. Brings new life and services 2. increases property values for owners and taxes for the city -creates new business and employment opps -mitigates against crime Disad- 1. Displaces citizens. 2. Eradicates working class and low income communities. 3. reduces affordable housing stock |
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#20 function of place attachment in general and different stages of life span.
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1 It provides a sense of security and belonging
2 It links people with other significant people in their lives and larger social networks 3 It links people with symbols of their ancestors, nation, culture or religion 4 It provides a sense of continuity with the past 5 • It contributes to the formation and maintenance of self-identity 6 It fosters a sense of group identity 7 In the natural world, it provides for a sense of connection with the larger universe of beings Childhood- 1. Adult spaces that children can appropriate 2. Places found or shaped in the natural landscape using nature’s “loose parts” 3. Places specifically constructed for play. Adulthood-Self-identity • Community • Security with present family and friends • Continuity with significant people and places of the past • Containers of memory' • Separation from problematic places and relationships in the past, a new beginning • Serenity, a sense of ease • Challenge • Communion with the natural world Old Age-These places and things provide continuity with the life they have lived and who they are. |
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#21 5 elements of a city's physical form that Kevin Lynch identifies and characteristics that make cities easier to image and navigate
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1. Paths- channels by which you move - streets, canals...
Concentrations of special activities (e.g. street markets, theaters) • Extremes of width or narrowness • Special building facades • Abundant plantings • Proximity to special features, such as a harbor or park • Clear and well-known origins and destinations • Grid patterns and radial patterns (for people accustomed to these Western street patterns) 2. Edges-linear elements not used as paths-railroad cut, edge of a development. They form boundaries between different phases of the city. 3. Districts-med to large sections of cities that may or may not be more dominant than paths. Places to go into w/identifiable character. strong boundaries, or by a strong core. ie campus 4. Nodes-strategic point where you gather and then go out- train station. Examples of junctions: traffic arteries, major subway stops, railway stations Examples of concentration: Times Square in NYC, Central Park Some places are both junction and concentration: Journal Square in Jersey City, which is a bus and transfer point and a concentration for shopping 5. Landmarks-point of reference-building or statue. The key physical characteristic of a landmark is its singularity. Landmarks are more easily identifiable if they: • have a clear form • contrast with their background • occupy a prominent spatial location (such as a junction) |
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#22 Ways to make environments more legible and improve wayfinding.
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Signage-
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#23 Ways city environments both encourage social isolation or under different conditions facilitate community and personal attachment (Krapat) Should not be a too strong of a bond or it produces constraint.
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family-strong ties with immediate family members. Extended familyweakened in the city because of spacial seperation and other kinds of friendships.
Proximity-neighbors can provide strong and lasting friedships and best in homogenous areas. Should not be a too strong of a bond or it produces constraint. Common interest-this is sought out. preferred by urban people with special needs and interests who have little constraints and great resources. |
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