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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
study of cells and their function
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histology
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how many chromosomes is in human dna
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46
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main nucleoprotien within the nucleus of a cell
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chromatin
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midpoint of a chromosome in a cell
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centromere
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three types of RNA for protien synthesis:
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Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA |
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template of DNA for protien synthesis. It transcribes small portions of DNA as it travels through ribosomes connected to the ER.
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Messenger RNA
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the way in which messenger RNA uses DNA as a template to copy the genetic code for transfer into the messenger RNA
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Transcription
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carries out the genetic code from messenger RNA to the channel amino acids for synthesizing new protiens
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Transfer RNA
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aids in protien synthesis and may be free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to the ER
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Ribosomal RNA
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small organelles derived from the RNA of the nucleolus which produce protien
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ribosomes
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3-D maze within the cytoplasm that contains a network of parallel membrane channels and spaces
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER) |
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two types of ER:
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Rough ER
Mooth ER |
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function of rough ER
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to modify protiens for export to Golgi complex
it has ribosomes attached (give rough apperance) |
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function of smooth ER
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synthesizes steroids but also aids in metabolism and detox of subtances
does not have ribosomes attached |
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curved membranous stack of sacs that packages and distributes newly modified protien to be exported out of the cell and also synthesises lysosomes
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Golgi Complex
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found within the cytoplasm and digests forign sunstances and old cell components
what is this process called? |
Lysosomes
phagocytosis |
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"powerhouse" of the cell that generates ATP during the krebs cycle
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mitochondria
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cells chief energy source
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krebs cycle
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fold within the mitrochondria that provide additional surface area and allow more cellular resperation
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cristae
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the amount of mitrochondria is dependent on ____.
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amount of energy needed from cell
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___ cells produce a lot of metabolic activity and because of this each cell contains numerous mitrochondria
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heart muscle
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thread like structures that help maintain the shape of the cell
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microfilaments and microtubules
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aid in chromosome seperation in mitosis
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centrioles
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process of cell division
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mitosis
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first phase of mitosis and occurs when chromatin coils and compresses into chromosomes, the nuclear membrane is lost and the centioles help to arrange the mitotic spindles as they migrate toward opposite poles of the cell
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prophase
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second stage of mitosis when chromosomes align their centromeres at the midpoint as mitotic spindles form
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metaphase
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third stage of mitosis which occurs when the chromatids of each chromosome join the centromere and then the spindles migrate toward the opposite poles of the cell
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anaphase
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last stage of mitosis when nuclear division is complete and the chromatids uncoil into 2 new nuclei surrounded by new nuclear membranes
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telephase
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division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells with each containing the same organelles of the original parent cell
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cytokinesis
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cell stage between division when the DNA replicates and centrioles get ready to start the process over again.
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interphase
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movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration with out using energy
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diffusion
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when movement of a substance is directed from a area of higher concentration toward an area of lower concentation, it is termed ___.
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diffusion gradient
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movement of water soluble molecules across the lipid layer of a semi-permeable membrane
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facilitated diffusion
or passive transport |
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protien that binds to a water-soluble molecule to assist it across the lipid layer to the other side and drops it off. no energy required.
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carrier protien
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transport in and out of the cell that requires ATP and uses protiens
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active transport
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movement of fluid across the cell membrane from an area fo higher concentration to lowwer concentration
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osmosis
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tight junctions that adhere the cells together in order to prevent undesired substances from passing into the cells
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desmosomes
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consist of passageways that allow for the transfer of ions and mollecules between cells
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gap junctions
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attach the cell to a nn-cellular substance
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hemi-desmosomes
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in embryo, the epithelial tissue is derived from the __, __, and __.
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ectoderm
mesoderm endoderm |
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type of epithelial tissue located on the internal organs
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simple
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type of epithelial tissue involved with the skin, glands, and some internal linings near enternal entrances and exits
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stratified
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lines stomach, small intestine, colon, and gallbladder
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simple columnar
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lines kidney tubules, ovary surface, small ducts of encocrine
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simple cuboidal
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lines respiratory, vascular, and bowman's capsules
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simple squamous
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lines bronchia and trachea
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pseudostratified
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lines large ducts of exocrine glands
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stratified columnar
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seat glands, ducts, large ducts of exocrine glands
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stratified cuboidal
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epidermis, esophagus, oral cavity, and vagina
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stratified squamous
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bladder, ureter, and urethra
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transitional
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connective tissue is derived from the __ in embryo
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mesenchyme
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types of connective tissue
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blood
bone cartilage lymph adipose elastic fiberous reticular |
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connective tissue that is non-calcified and firm and present in most joints at the articular surfaces. it is avascular.
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cartilage
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cartilage is produced by___ and then matures into ___.
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chondroblasts
chondrocytes |
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three types of cartilage:
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hyaline
elastic fibrocartilage |
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most abundant cartilage which is comprised of only collagen fibers. Found in the trachea, nasal septum, and articular ends of bone
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hyaline
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cartilage that is similar to hyline but is more elastic and is found in the ear, auditory canal and epiglottis
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elastic
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cartilage that supports and withstands compression as it merges with hyaline cartilage. found in the intevertebral discs and pubic symphysis
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fibrocartilage
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bone is produced by __ and broken down by __
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osteoblasts
osteocytes |
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bone cells
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osteocytes
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occurs when osteoblasts enter into dense connective tissue and form osteoids
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intramembranous osteogenisis
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occurs in hyaline cartilage and the chondrocytes detach themselves from their nourishment and die then as the cartilage calsifies it is degenerated by osteoclasts and replaced by osteoblasts that proliferate bone matrix
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endochondral osteogenisis
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three types of muscle
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skeletal
cardiac smooth |
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In embryo, muscle is derived from the ___.
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mesoderm
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striated muscle that works by consciousness thought for body movement. Muscle contractions are allowed by neuron stimulation.
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skeletal
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muscle that is specialized to conduct electricity
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cardiac
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muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
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striated involuntary
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cardiac cells are joined together by ___ that allow for electrical impulses to methodically spread to other cells
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intercalated disks
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muscle that is found in glands, organs, and the lining of blood vessels/
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smooth
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pathway for cells to communicate
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nerves
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neural stem cells produce neuroblasts that form both __ and __ that act as guide wires for neurons
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neurons
glia |
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communicator for the nervous system and can receive and deliver messages
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neuron
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parts of a neuron
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cell body
dentrite axon |
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contains the nucleus and maintains homeostasis within the neuron
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cell body
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part of the neuron that consists of numerous branches that increase the surface reception capacity to recieve and carry back signals
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dendrite
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carries away a signal as it transmits an electrochemical signal over a synapse to another neuron
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axon
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protects the axon and prevents exposure to neigboring non-neural cells
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myelin sheath
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contractile unit of muscle
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sarcomere
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in erythrocytes and delivers oxygen to cells and transports CO2 back to the lungs
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hemoglobin
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main functions of blood
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provides nutrients to cells
takes away waste carries antibodies transports electrolytes conveys hormones delivers oxygen |
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fragments of the cytoplasm found in blood that function to aid in blood clotting
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thrombocytes
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If there is a dificiency in iron __ can result
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anemia
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bone marrow produces ___ which have a life of 120 days
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RBC
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cells of the body that lack a nucleus
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RBC
Thrombocytes |
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part of the neuron that consists of numerous branches that increase the surface reception capacity to recieve and carry back signals
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dendrite
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carries away a signal as it transmits an electrochemical signal over a synapse to another neuron
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axon
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part of the neuron that consists of numerous branches that increase the surface reception capacity to recieve and carry back signals
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dendrite
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protects the axon and prevents exposure to neigboring non-neural cells
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myelin sheath
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carries away a signal as it transmits an electrochemical signal over a synapse to another neuron
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axon
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contractile unit of muscle
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sarcomere
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protects the axon and prevents exposure to neigboring non-neural cells
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myelin sheath
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contractile unit of muscle
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sarcomere
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in erythrocytes and delivers oxygen to cells and transports CO2 back to the lungs
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hemoglobin
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main functions of blood
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provides nutrients to cells
takes away waste carries antibodies transports electrolytes conveys hormones delivers oxygen |
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in erythrocytes and delivers oxygen to cells and transports CO2 back to the lungs
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hemoglobin
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fragments of the cytoplasm found in blood that function to aid in blood clotting
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thrombocytes
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main functions of blood
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provides nutrients to cells
takes away waste carries antibodies transports electrolytes conveys hormones delivers oxygen |
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If there is a dificiency in iron __ can result
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anemia
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fragments of the cytoplasm found in blood that function to aid in blood clotting
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thrombocytes
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bone marrow produces ___ which have a life of 120 days
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RBC
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If there is a dificiency in iron __ can result
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anemia
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cells of the body that lack a nucleus
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RBC
Thrombocytes |
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bone marrow produces ___ which have a life of 120 days
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RBC
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cells of the body that lack a nucleus
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RBC
Thrombocytes |
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most common WBC
involved in acute inflammation has a multilobulated nucleus |
neutrophils
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three types of granular leukocytes
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basophils
eosinophils neutrophils (BEN) |
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WBC involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections
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Eosinophils
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least numerous WBC
play important role with mast cells in inflammatory and allergic response |
basophils
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when IgE from an allergic response is released, basophils release __ along with mast cells
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histamine
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two types of agranulocytes that lack cytoplasmic granules
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lymphocytes
monocytes |
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largest leukocytes and become macrophages when they leave capillaries
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monocytes
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monocytes are involved in ___ inflammation and take longer to get to the site of an infection than do neutrophils
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chronic
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smallest WBCs and contain a very large nucleus
2nd most common WBC and involved in an immune response |
lymphocytes
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half of the lyphocytes journey to the thymus and mature into ___. Others mature in the bone marrow as ___ and can produce antibodies.
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t cells
b cells |
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universal blood donor type
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O
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Universal blood recipient type
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AB
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In the embryo, lymph nodes are derived from the ___
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mesoderm
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tonsils develop during the __ week of gestation whin the mesenchyme differentiates into tonsillar lymphoid tissue
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8th
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tonsils located in the lateral wall of the oropharynx are comprised of lymphocytes contained in epithelial crypts that are encompassed by lymph nodes
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palatine
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tonsils located at the base of the tongue and contain lymphoid tissue
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lingual
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tonsil located in the nasopharynx and are covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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pharyngeal
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endocrine gland that secretes melatonin
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pineal
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hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary or the adenohypophysis
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ACTH
GH TSH FSH LH |
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hormones that are stored by the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) and produced by the hypothalamus
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ADH
Oxytocin |
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the hypothalamus regulates:
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blood pressure
body temperature body fluids |
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the thyroid secretes:
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calcitonin
thyroxine |
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2 types of cells in the parathyroid
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chief
oxyphil |
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cheif cells secrete ___ hormone.
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parathyroid
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development of week one of the embryo
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zygote
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development of week 2 of the embryo
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blastocyst
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development of week 3 of the embryo
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embryo:
brain heart begins spinal cord gi tract |
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development of week 4-5 of the embryo
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embryo:
cranial nerves eyes and ears vertebra, some bones arm and leg buds |
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development of week 6 of the embryo
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embryo:
lungs more brain development didgets on hands and feet heart and circulation |
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development of week 7-8 of the embryo
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embryo:
facial features hair follicles all major organs |
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development of week 9-12 of the embryo
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fetus:
toothbuds*** urogenital tract complete genitals appear |
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development of week 12-40 of the embryo
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fetus:
all organs mature |
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cleft lip can occur in the __-__ week range of th embryonic period
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4-7
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cleft palate can occur in the __-__ week range of th embryonic period
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8-12
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the ectomesenchyme gives rise to:
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dental papilla
dentin matrix pulp cavity dental sac cementum PDL alveolar bone |
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the ectoderm gives rise to the epithelial tissue which then give rise to:
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enamel organ
ameleoblasts enamel matrix |
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the ___ stage occurs around week 8 when rapid proliferation of the dental lamina begins to form the primary dentition tooth buds
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bud
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dental anomilies in the bud stage include
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microdontia and macrodontia
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during the ___ stage proliferation occurs rapidly as tissues start to morphodifferentiate into ectoderm and mesenchyme tissue
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cap
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dental anomilies of the cap stage include:
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dens in dente
fusion gemination tubercles |
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tissues of the tooth are derived from the mesoderm and the ectoderm, not the ___.
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endoderm
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the mesoderm develops into:
the ectoderm develops into: |
dental papilla (pulp n dentin)
dental sac (PDL, alveolar bone, and cementum) everything else |
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In the __ stage, the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac diferentiate mere extensively into specific tissues of the tooth
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bell
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hertwig's sheath determines:
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the shape of the tooth root
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the hertwig's sheath disinegrates into the _____ as the root formation reaches its full length
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rest of malassez
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abmormallities in the bell stage may include
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accessory roots
concresence dilaceration enamel pearls enamel dysplasia |
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__ occurs as the dental tooth reach their final stages
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maturation
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the enamel organ determines
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the shape of the crown
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grooves often located on the maxillary incisors that are associated with the lines of retzius
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perikymata
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concentric imbrication lines on the enamel surfaces that are evidence of the disposition of successive layers of enamel
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lines of retzius
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incremental lines found on dentin that correspond to the variationsof apposition of dentin
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lines of von ebner
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occasionally the rest of malassez will develop into a ___.
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dental cyst
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name of the outer enamel epithelium
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stratum intermedium
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reduced enamel epithelium that covers a newly erupted tooth and can sometimes stain green and scare mommies
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nasmyth's membrane
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fibers that are imbedded into the bone and cementum
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sharpey's fibers
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cementum is produced by ___
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cementoblasts
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___ is the tooth structure that most resembles bone
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cementum
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the teeth are anchored into the _____
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alveolar bone proper
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a radiographic term for the radiopaque line that follows the shape of the root in the alveolar bone proper
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lamina dura
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bone located between teeth is called _____
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interdental bone
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bone located between roots of multi-rooted teeth is called ___
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inter- radicular bone
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muscles of mastication are derived from the ___ branchial arch.
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1st
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in compact bone, which canal s the central vascular canal supplying osteons with nutrients?
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haversian
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in compact bone the canals that are parallel to the haversian's canal on the exterior segment is the ___
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volkmans
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which week do tonsils develop in utero?
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8th
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ameloblasts are derived from which layer?
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inner enamel epithelium
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which cell is associated with humoral immunity
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b cells
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which endocrine gland is 1st to develop in utero?
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thyroid
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if the medial nasal process and the maxillary process fail to fuse the result is _____
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a cleft lip
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the greater cornu of the hyoid bone develops from which branchial arch?
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3rd
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