Kaplan Respiratory Care Sciences 4Th Edition Chapter 1-3 Review

Front 1

1. List the expression that represents the general format for using scientific notation.

Back 1

Front 2

List each of the place values for a 10-digit number.

Back 2

Front 3

Explain the rule for expressing extremely large numbers in scientific notation.

Back 3

Knowing the place value of each digit is important

Front 4

Explain the rule governing the expression of extremely small numbers in scientific notation.

Back 4

Depiction of the place value of each digit in the decimal number

Front 5

Define exponent.

Back 5

A number designating the power to which another number is to be raised

Front 6

Explain how exponents are manipulated during multiplication.

Back 6

Multiplication: when multiplying numbers containing exponents, the exponents ( power of 10) are added and the coefficients are multiplied.

Front 7

Explain how exponents are manipulated during division.

Back 7

Division: when dividing numbers containing exponents, the exponents are subtracted and the coefficients are divided.

Front 8

Explain how exponents are manipulated during addition.

Back 8

Addition: when adding numbers containing exponents, the exponents must be equal before the coefficients are added.

Front 9

Explain how exponents are manipulated during subtraction.

Back 9

Subtraction: when subtracting numbers with exponents, the exponents must be equal before the coefficients are subtracted.

Front 10

Distinguish between precision and accuracy.

Back 10

Precision: how close a measurement can be reproduced.
Accuracy: how much the measured value agrees with the actual value.

Front 11

What is the significance of the last digit of any measures value?

Back 11

The last digit is an estimate.

Front 12

Are all zeros significant figures? Explain.

Back 12

Not all zeros are significant. A zero that is used to indicate the location of a decimal point is not significant. For example, the value 0.003kg contains one significant digit, i.e., 3. The zeros are used only to locate the decimal point.

Front 13

State the rules that govern the process of determining significant figures.

Back 13

• None zero digits are always significant.
• All final zeros following the decimal point are significant.
• Zeros between nonzero significant digits are always significant.
• Zeros used exclusively for placing the decimal point are not significant.
• All digits preceding the power of 10 in scientific notation are significant.

Front 14

Explain how the number of significant figures determines when performing mathematical operations involving measures values.

Back 14

The result of any calculation with measurements can never be more precise than the least precise measurement.

Front 15

Differentiate between random and systematic errors.

Back 15

Random errors are unavoidable. However, they can be minimized by exercising care during measurements and obtaining an average.
Systemic errors are caused by faulty measuring devices it cannot be minimized by taking repeated measurements and obtaining an average

Front 16

Define parallax.

Back 16

Parallax: is the apparent shift in the position of an object when it is viewed from different angles.

Front 17

How can the problem of parallax be overcome?

Back 17

View at eye level to obtain the most accurate reading.

Front 18

How do the units of the ratio relate to each other?

Back 18

A ratio must be comprised of quantities having the same units.

Front 19

What does the colon (punctuation mark) represent in a ratio? i.e :

Back 19

It means "is to" or division or fraction.

Front 20

Why is the physiologic measurement compliance not a true ratio?

Back 20

Is not a true ratio because the units of the value in the numerator are not the same units as the units of the denominator. Compliance is not a true ratio.

Front 21

Name the two components of a ratio.

Back 21

Numerator and Denominator

Front 22

How can unlike units be manipulated for a ratio to occur?

Back 22

Convert to the same unit, ratio will exist.

Front 23

Define proportion.

Back 23

A proportion is a statement indicating that two ratios are equal.

Front 24

Name the component parts of a proportion.

Back 24

Extremes and means.

Front 25

Using the letters of factors l, f, b, and w, illustrate the four formats by which proportions can be represented.

Back 25

l /f=b/w
l:f =b:w
lf =bw
l:f :: b:w

Front 26

Name the ideal gas laws the can be solved using the proportion method.

Back 26

Charles’ Law (direct proportion) and Boyle’s Law (inverse proportion)

Front 27

What is the meaning of the symbol ∝?

Back 27

∝ this symbol means proportional to

Front 28

What does Direct proportion mean?

Back 28

Direct proportion - Consider 2 things which are related to each other. And if one thing is increasing the second thing which is related to that thing is also increasing and similarly if one thing is decreasing and the second thing which is related to the first is also decreasing that will be called the direct proportion. For example if you purchase 5 eggs for 5 dollars and if you keep increasing the number of eggs the cost will be automatically increase so this is the example of direct proportion. I mean there is the direct proportion between the number of eggs and their cost.

Front 29

Explain the term Inverse proportion.

Back 29

Inverse Proportion - if something is increasing while the other thing that is related to it is decreasing it will be called inverse proportion. For example if you're driving a car and the car speed is increasing while the distance is decreasing to your destination. That proportion will be called the inverse proportion

Front 30

What does the % sign indicate?

Back 30

Basically, a percent is a ratio, i.e., some portion of 100 (numerator) over 100 (denominator). For example, 15% represents 15 parts of 100, or 15/100.

Front 31

List the three types of percent problems.

Back 31

I. Finding the percent of a number
II. Determining what percent of one number is of another.
III. Calculating the number when the percent of is known.

Front 32

Define the term content and list the units that can be used express it.

Back 32

Content – is defined as the actual weight of water present in a given volume of air expressed in terms of either grams per cubic meter (g/m3) or milligrams per liter (mg/L).

Front 33

Define the term capacity, and list the units that can be used to express it..

Back 33

Capacity – describes the maximum amount of of water that air can hold at a given temperature. Capacity is usually expressed in either g/m3 or mg/L.

Front 34

Define the term humidity deficit.

Back 34

Humidity deficit – insufficient amount of water vapor in the air.
Humidity deficit is dependent on the humidity of inspired air. A higher humidity content in the inspired air gives a lower humidity deficit.
43.9mg/L represents the maximum humidity capacity at body temperature.

Front 35

Why is a ratio solution not a true percent solution?

Back 35

A ratio solution, although it can be expressed as a percentage, it is not a true percent solution. For example., Given : 1/200 solution of Isuprel. The solution contains 1g of solute per 200 ml of solvent. Consequently, this fraction expresses gram per millimeter. The units do not cancel, demonstrating that this drug concentration is not a true percent.

Front 36

What two expressions are commonly written as percents but are not actually true percentages?

Back 36

Percent Relative humidity and percent body humidity

Front 37

Why can PAO2 be substituted for by the end-pulmonary capillary oxygen tension in the shunt equation?

Back 37

PAO2 = PCO2

Front 38

What factors are required to calculate the % shunt using the shunt equation?

Back 38

• PaCO2; used in the alveolar air equation to calculate PAO2 , which substitutes for the end pulmonary capillary oxygen tension. The PB , PH2O , and FIO2 are also used in the alveolar equation.
• PaO2; used to determine the dissolved arterial O2 in terms of vol %.
• [Hb]; used to determine hemoglobin’s oxygen-carrying capacity.

Front 39

What is meant by a dimension?

Back 39

Dimension – A unit used to qualify a numerical value.

Front 40

What is a conversion factor?

Back 40

Conversion factor- a fraction having unlike units in the numerator and denominator.

Front 41

Why does a true ratio render a dimensionless quantity?

Back 41

A dimensionless value is a numerical value that has no units. For a true ratio to exist, like entities must be compared, i.e., sec/sec (I/E) or ml/ml (VD/VT). The numerical result of such a relationship is termed a dimensionless number because the units cancel.

Front 42

List the rules governing the use of a dimension in addition and subtraction.

Back 42

Dimensions in Addition and Subtraction
• To add or subtract numbers, the numbers must have the same dimensions. One could not for example, add 10 vol% to 15 g%. the result would be meaningless.
• Numbers with unlike units may be added or subtracted only if the units can be converted to the same dimension.

Front 43

List the rules governing the use of a dimension in multiplication, and division.

Back 43

Dimensions in Multiplication and Division
• Like entities, as well as unlike entities, can be multiplied or divided. The units can also be dealt with mathematically in the same fashion as the quantities.

Front 44

What is the factor-units method?

Back 44

Factor-Units Method - The method is based on quantities that can be defined as equalities. Therefore, from any equality two fractions can be formed, each equal to one. For example, In terms of measured quantities:
1 min = 60sec, then 1min/ 60 secs = 1 and 60sec/1min = 1

Front 45

List the exponential form for the following SI prefixes: (a) nano-, (b) centi-, (c) mega-, (d) kilo-, and (e) micro-.

Back 45

a) Nano = 10 power of -9
b) Centi = 10 power of -2
c) Mega = 10 power of 6
d) Kilo = 10 power of 3
e) Micro = 10 power of -6

Front 46

List three elements of logarithmic expression.

Back 46

• The logarithm
• The base
• A number

Front 47

Define two synonyms of the word logarithm.

Back 47

Exponent- a number designating the power to which another number is to be raised.
Power- the product obtained by multiplying a quantity by itself one or more times: The third power of 2 is 8.

Front 48

What are the two methods by which logarithm can be expressed?

Back 48

Exponetial form: 10 power of 2 = 100
Logarithmic form: log10 100 =2

Front 49

What are the two element parts of a logarithm?

Back 49

Characteristic and Mantissa

Front 50

How can you obtain a positive characteristic.

Back 50

Positive characteristic:
• If the number is equal to or greater than 1, count the number of digits to the left of the decimal point and subtract 1. The remainder is the characteristic of the logarithm. Count the number of decimal places (x) the decimal point must be moved to the left to obtain a number between 1 and 9, inclusively.
Formula for determining a positive characteristic: (x - 1) = positive characteristics.

Front 51

How can you obtain a negative characteristic.

Back 51

Negative characteristic:
• if the number is less than 1 (i.e., a purely decimal number), count the number of places (n) the decimal point must be moved to the right to obtain a number between 1 and 9.
Formula for determining a negative characteristic: (10 – n) – 10 = negative characteristic

Front 52

Which part of a logarithm does the log table represent?

Back 52

The mantissa of a logarithm is obtained from a log table.

Front 53

Define the term antilog.

Back 53

The process of determining the logarithm (exponent or power) when the number is known. The opposite process of finding the logarithm.

Front 54

Define the term variable.

Back 54

Variable – a symbol used to represent one or more numbers.

Front 55

What is the algebraic expression that contains a variable called?

Back 55

Variable expression.

Front 56

Explain how the solution to an algebraic expression is found.

Back 56

To find the solution to an algebraic expression, a numerical value must be given to substitute for the variable.

Front 57

What is a numerical expression?

Back 57

Once a number is inserted into an algebraic expression for each variable, the expression is called a numerical expression.

Front 58

Write an algebraic expression (a) with one variable, (b) with two variables, and (c) with three variables.

Back 58

a) 10 + y
b) a + c
c) a + b + c

Front 59

State the two rules the govern the addition of real numbers

Back 59

I. Two real numbers with the same sign
• Add the absolute values and give the total the same sign as the numbers. For example,
-5 + (-3) = -8
II. Two real numbers with different signs
• Determine the absolute values.
• Subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger one.
• Give the result the same sign as the larger absolute value.
For example,
-30 + 25 = -5

Front 60

Describe what is meant by additive inverse.

Back 60

When subtracting real numbers, a term synonymous with opposite is used, namely, additive inverse. The additive inverse of a real number is that a real number’s opposite absolute value. For example,
The additive inverse of -12 is +12.

Front 61

State the rule that governs the multiplication of real numbers.

Back 61

I. Numbers with the same signs
• The product of two numbers that have the same sign is positive. For example,
10 x 3 = 30 or (-10) (-3) = 30
II. Numbers with opposite signs
• The product of two numbers that have opposite signs will be negative. For example,
(15) (-3) = -45

Front 62

1atm = _______torr

Back 62

760 torr

Front 63

760mmHg = _______atm

Back 63

1 atm

Front 64

List the various equivalents of 1 atm.

Back 64

760 torr
760 mm Hg
1034 cm H2O
33 ft. H2O
14.7 psi
29.9 in. Hg
101.33 kPa
1.014 x dynes/cm2

Front 65

Convert
9.21 x 106 mmHg= ______________________cm H2O

Back 65

1.25 cm H2O

Front 66

Convert
429 ft H2O= ___________________________atm

Back 66

13 atm

Front 67

Convert
380 torr= __________________________ft H2O

Back 67

16.5 ft.H2O

Front 68

Convert
80 in, Hg = _________________________cmHg

Back 68

203 cm Hg

Front 69

Convert
563 kPa = __________________________________atm

Back 69

5.6 atm

Front 70

List the subatomic particles located inside an atom’s nucleus

Back 70

Protons and neutrons

Front 71

Define the terms (a) atomic mass and (b) atomic number

Back 71

a) Atomic mass – sum of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom.
b) Atomic number –the number of protons within nucleus.

Front 72

List the atomic number and the atomic mass for the three forms of oxygen atoms found in nature.

Back 72

1) Form A – mass of 16amu: atomic number of 8
2) Form B – mass of 17amu: atomic number of 8
3) Form C – mass of 18amu: atomic number of 8

Front 73

How should 0.0000008 be expressed in proper scientific notation?

Back 73

Front 74

Back 74

3

Front 75

What is the air:oxygen ratio for an air entrainment mask delivering 24% O2?

Back 75

25:1

Front 76

Given the following, compute the pressure generated to overcome airway resistance during mechanical ventilation.
PIP 55cm H2O
PEEP 10cm H2O
P plateau 25cm H2O

Back 76

20cm H2O

Front 77

If a solution undergoes a pH change from 6 to 7, by what fold does [H] of the solution change?

Back 77

10-fold

Front 78

You are running a ventilator with (4) H cylinders, the tank currently on the ventilators has 1200 PSIG and the others are new. The flow required to maintain pressure with the ventilator is 15 LPM. How much time do you have before you will be required to change the current tank?

Back 78

4 hrs and 11 mins

Front 79

What is the opposite value of -4?

Back 79

+4

Front 80

Two numbers whose products is unity are called________.

Back 80

Reciprocals

Front 81

Which of the following paired terms represent reciprocals?
1. compliance and elastance.
2. conductance and resistance
3. series resistance and parallel resistance.
4. mean airway pressure and peak inspiratory pressure.

Back 81

1 and 2

Front 82

What is the reciprocal of 0?

Back 82

zero has no reciprocal.

Front 83

The poin ton the number line equivalent to zero is called the _____.

Back 83

origin

Front 84

Calculate the inspiratory time (TI) for a mechanically ventilated patient with a (TI) of 30% and a total cycle time (TCT) 4 seconds.

Back 84

1.2

Front 85

Calculate the oxygen content of arterial blood for a patient who has 18 vol% (ml/dl) hemoglobin concentration and a 65% SpO2.

Back 85

15.68 vol% (ml/dl)

Front 86

Calculate Praw when PIP 40cmH2O and Pplateau is 33cmH2O.

Back 86

7cm H2O

Front 87

Calculate the FRC given the following data;
TLC = 4000ml
VC = 2500ml
ERV = 800ml

Back 87

700ml

Front 88

What is the IBW for a 5' 4" 63 year old woman?

Back 88

125 lbs

Front 89

Calculate the alveolar pressure of oxygen at a barometric pressure of 635mmHg at normal body temperature and a PaCO2 of 38torr.

Back 89

76mmHg

Front 90

The ability of an object to return to its original shape is called________

Back 90

Elastance