Kaplan Pathology: Respiratory System

Front 1

Atelectasis

Back 1

-an area of collapsed or unexpanded lung
-can occur secondary to obstruction, compression, contraction, or lack of surfactant

Front 2

Bacterial pneumonia

Back 2

-acute inflammation and consolidation (solidification) of the lung ue to a bacterial agent.
-Lobar pneumonia causes consolidation of an entire lobe and is most commonly caused by infection with streptococcus pneumoniae
-bronchopneumonia causes scattered patchy consolidation centered around bronchioles and can be due to a wide variety of bacterial agents

Front 3

Lung abscess

Back 3

-a localized collection of neutrophils (pus) and necrotic pulmonary parenchyma
-may occur following aspiration, pneumonia, obstruction, or septic emboli

Front 4

Atypical pneumonia

Back 4

-causes interstitial pneumonitis without consolidation
-can be due to viral agents and mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 5

TB

Back 5

-caseating granumolomas containing acid-fast mycobacteria
-primary TB can produce a Ghon complex characterized by a subpleural caseous granulona above or below the lobar fissure accompanied by hilar lymph node granulomas
-secondary TB tends to involve the lung apex. progressive pulmonary TB can take the forms of cavitary TB, miliary pulmonary TB, and TB bronchopneumonia. milary TB can also spread to involve other body sites

Front 6

Sarcoidosis

Back 6

-a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that produces clinical disease somewhat resembling TB

Front 7

Obstructive airway disease

Back 7

-characterized by increased resistance to airflow secondary to obstruction of airways, whereas restrictive lung disease is characterized by decreasing lung volume and capacity

Front 8

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Back 8

-includes:
1.chronic bronchitis, 2.emphysema
3.asthma
4.bronchiectasis

Front 9

Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)

Back 9

-a clinical diagnosis is made when persistent cough and copious sputum production have been present for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years

Front 10

Emphysema

Back 10

-associated with destruction of alveolar septa
-resulting in enlarged air spaces and a loss of elastic recoil, and producing overinflated, enarged lungs

Front 11

Asthma (COPD)

Back 11

-due to hyperrreactive airways
-resulting in episodic bronchospasm when triggered by stimuli that may include allergens, respiratory infections, stress, excercise, cold temperatures, and drugs

Front 12

Bronchiectasis (COPD)

Back 12

-An abnormal permanent airway dilatation due to chronic necrotizing infection
-most patients have underlying lung disease such as bronchial obstruction, necrotizing pneumonias, cystic fibrosis, or Kartagener syndrome

Front 13

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Back 13

-due to diffuse damage to the alveolar epithelium and capillaries, resulting in progressive respiratory failure that is unresponsive to O2 treatment
-causes include shock, sepsis, trauma, gastric aspiration, radiation, oxygen toxicity, drugs, pulmonary infections, and many others

Front 14

Respiratory distress syndrome of the new born

Back 14

-causes respiratory distress within hours of birth and is seen in infants with deficiency of surfactant secondary to prematurity, maternal diabetes, multiple births, or c-section delivery

Front 15

Pulmonary edema

Back 15

-fluid accumulation within the lungs that can be due to many causes, including left-sided heart failure, mitral valve stenosis, fluid overload, nephrotic syndrome, liver disease, infections, drugs, shock, and radiation

Front 16

Pulmonary emboli

Back 16

-most arise from deep vein thrombosis in the leg
-may be asymptomatic, cause pulmonary infarction, or cause sudden death

Front 17

Pulmonary hypertension

Back 17

-increased pulmonary artery pressure,usually due to increased vascular resistance or blood flow
-can be idiopathic, or related to underlying COPD, interstitial disease, pulmonary emboli, mitral stenosis, left heart failure, and congenital heart disease with left to right shunt

Front 18

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Back 18

-the leading cause of cancer deaths among both men and women
-major risk factors are cigarette smoking, occupational exposures, and air pollution
-histologic types include adenocarcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma
-other tumors of importance include bronchial carcinoids, metastatic carcinoma to the lung, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Front 19

pleural effusion

Back 19

-the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
-pneumothorax is air in the pleural cavity

Front 20

Mesotheliomas

Back 20

-rare, highly malignant neoplasms that can involve the pleura and are closely related to prior asbestos exposure