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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does the krebs cycle occur
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mitochondrial matrix
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where does glycolysis occur
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cytoplasm
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where does fatty acid degredation occur
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outer mitochondria membrane
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where does coenzyme A formation occur
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mitochondrial matrix
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where does ATP synthesis occur
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across the inner mitochondrial membrane
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where do superior and inferior vena cava route bl0od into
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route deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation into the right atrium
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can adults blood pass between right and left atria
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no; only in fetus
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how does blood travel
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deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium avia the superior and inferior vena cavae. From there, the blood is pumped into the right ventricle which sends blod through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. after the blood is oxygenated in the lung, it returs to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. from now, the now oxygenated blood is pumped into the left ventricle whose muscle mass propels blood through the aorta to the systemic circulation
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where does the tricuspid valve lie
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between the right atrium and ventricle
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where does the mitral or bicuspid valve lie
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between the left atrium and ventricle
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what is the function of mitral or bicuspid valve
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prevent back flow of blood into the atria
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where does the aortic semilnar valve lie
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at the base of the aorta
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where does the pulmonary semilunar valve lie
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base of the pulmonary artery
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what does semilunar valves do
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prevent backflow into the heart
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what is the pericardium
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tough connective tissue sac that surrounds the heart
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what middle ear made of
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bone
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how is water moved in the kidney
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osmosis
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what does kidney do
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keeps the relative concentration of inorganic ions in the body's blood plasma at a constant level
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what establishes the sodium concentration gradient in the kidney
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by the loop of Henle that allows reabsorption of water by the capillaries
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which loops of Henle is permeable to waterthe descending; the ascending is not permeable
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where is glucose, amino acids and vitamins absorbed in the kidney
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proximal convoluted tubule
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what is the path that oxygen follow when traveling through the respiratory structures
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external nares => nasal cavity => internal nares => pharynx => larynx => trachea => bronchi => bronchioles => alveoli
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what is a prophage
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the intergrated state that a vrius can enter that is harmless
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where does the hydrostatic pressure in the capillary result from
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beating of the heart
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what is the hydrostatic pressure distribution in the capillaries
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higher at the arteriole end and lower at the venule end
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what is the osmotic pressure distribution in capillaries
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higher in its blood plasma and lower in the intersititial fluid bathing the tissues
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what is produced and reduced in glycolysis
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2 net ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation and 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to form NADH.
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is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
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anaerobic
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is glycose partially oxidized or reduced in glycolysis
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oxidized
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how many molecules of pyruvic acid are formed for each molecules of glucose during glycolysis
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2
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when is pyruvic acid produced
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glycolysis
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what is pyruvia acid converted into before entering krebs cycle
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acetyl coenzyme A
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what happens when a sperm and egg cell membrane fuse
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special membrane called the fertilization membrane forms around the zygote to protect it from the entrace of another sperm.
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what is not reabsorbed from the tubules of the nephron
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proteins
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where is glucagon secreted
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by pancreatic Islet of Langerhans cells in response to low glucose blood level
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what does glucagon do
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stimulate gluconeogenesis and conversion of glycogen into glycose and raising blood sugar levels
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what does calcitonin do
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secreted by thyroid gland that lower blood calcium level
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what does thyrotropin do
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anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine and triiodothyronine
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what do thyroxine and triiodothyronine do
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increase metabolic rate
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what does the lymph vein carry
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lymph from one lymph node to the next under low pressure
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what is lymph
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clear fluid derived from blood plasma
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where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into
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jugular vein
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what are the two major classes of pigments involved in light reaction
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chlorophyll and carotenoids
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what forms in light reaction of photosynthesis
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ATP from ADP and NADPH from NADP (reduced)
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what is the linnaean naming system
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genus species
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what are the linnaes schemes
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king philip came over for good sushi; kingdom phylum class order family genus species
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what does salivary amylase do
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hydrolyze starch (a polysaccharide) into maltose (a dissaccharide)
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what does pancreatic amylase do
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hydrolyze starch into maltose
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what does carboxypeptidase do
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hydrolyzes the terminal peptide bond at the carboxyl end of the protein
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how many acetyl coenzyme molecule is produced per pyruvic acid molecule
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one
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what does high levels of progesteron and estrogen suppress
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release of FSH LH & gonadotropin releasing hormone
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what is sarcomere
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unit of contraction in skeletal muscle
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what is the thick filaments of sarcomere composed of
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myosin
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what is the thin filaments of sarcomere composed of
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actin
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where does the motor neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate
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thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
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what does the sympathetic nervous system regulate
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the secretion of adrenalne and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla
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what does the nervous pathway of autonomic nervous system consist of
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two motor neurons
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which motor neuron in the parasympathetic nervous system synpase near the target site
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the one that originate in the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord
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what does the autonomic nervous system regulate
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the herat, smooth muscle in the walls of the digestive tract, the respiratory syste and excretory system
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where is cholecystokini CKK released
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duodenal mucosa
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what does cholecytokini do
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stimulate the gall bladder to release bile
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what hormone cause pancrease to secrete enzymes
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secretin
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what secrets lactase
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intestinal mucosa
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what hormone stimulate the gastric glands to release gastric juices
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gastrin
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what enzymes (proteases) break down protein molecules into amino acids
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pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin
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what is radial symmetry
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when the organism has identifiable top and bottom but not identifiable right or left sides
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does ribosome have membrane
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no
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what is the membrane of nucleus like
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double layered membrane
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what is b- decay
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an atom's atomic number increases by one as it emits a particle
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what is b+ decay
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positron involes the loss of a positively-charged electron
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what is alpha decay
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loss of an a-particle
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what is fusion
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formation of larger molecules from smaller ones
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what is y-dcay
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emision of high energy y-rays from a high energy parent nucleaus with no change in atomic number or mass number
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how is the solubility of a gas affected by decrease in temperature
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the solubility will increase
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