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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the general reaction of glucose catabolism?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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How is energy stored in ATP?
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ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate, stores energy in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups.
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How much energy is released during the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP?
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7 kcal/mole
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What are some energy carriers during metabolism?
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ATP, NAD+, NADP+, FAD
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What is the general glycolysis reaction?
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Glucose + 2ADP + 2 Pi + 2NAD+ ---> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2 + 2H2O
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How many PGAL molecules are produced in the process of glycolysis?
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2 - PGAL and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate which isomerizes to PGAL
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substrate level phosphorylation
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2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 are produced with a net of 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule
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What happens after glycolysis during anaerobic conditions?
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Fermentation
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How many molecules of NADH are produced in glycolysis?
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2
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What is fermentation?
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Pyruvate being reduced to ethanol or lactic acid
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How many molecules of ATP are produced from each glucose during glycolysis?
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2 ATP
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What is the intermediate and product of fermentation in yeast and some bacteria?
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pyruvate ---> acetaldehyde ---> ethanol
decarboxylated NADH oxidized to becone NAD+ |
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What is the product of fermentation in certain fungi and some bacteria and also in muscle cells during strenuous exercise?
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Lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate reduced to lactic acid.
NADH is oxidized to NAD+, used for glycolysis again Lactic acid results |
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What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
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Pyruvate decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, electrion transport chain
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Where does cellular respiration occur?
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mitochondrial matrix
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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In the cytoplasm.
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What happens during pyruvate decarboxylation?
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Pyr (3C) + Coenzyme A ---> Acetyl CoA (2C)
* NAD+ is reduced here |
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Citric Acid Cycle products?
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6 NADH
6 FADH2 2 ATP |
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What are the products of the the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Krebs cycle?
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2 ATP
8 NADH (6 from Krebs) 2 FADH2 6CO2 per glucose molecule |
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What is produced from the oxidation of pyruvate? What is the resultant molecule?
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2 NADH
2 CO2 result is Acetyl CoA |
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What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
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6 NADH (3 per Acetyl CoA)
2 FADH2 (1 per Acetyl CoA) 2 ATP (1 per Acetyl CoA) 4 CO2 (2 per Acetyl CoA) |
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What is the goal of the electron transport chain (ETP)?
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To break down NADH and FADH2, pumping H+ into the outer compartment of the mitochondria, create a gradient which is used to produce ATP.
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Where does the krebs cycle occur?
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Mitochondria
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How many ATPs are typically produced by the electron transport chain?
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32 ATPs
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Which enzyme is involved in the production of ATP during the ETP?
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ATP synthase - as H+ moves down its concentration gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix, ADP --> ATP.
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How many ATP molecules are produced during aerobic respiration?
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36 total.
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What is the goal of anaerobic respiration and where does it take place?
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To reduce pyruvate, thus generating NAD+. It takes place in the cytoplasm.
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What is the general process of fermentation?
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Glucose --> 2 pyruvate --> 2 acetaldehyde + 2 CO2 --> 2 ethanol
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What is the goal of fermentation?
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To convert NADH to NAD+
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How much energy is recovered from aerobic respiration?
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39%
Glucose = 686 kcal/mol 36 ATP = 270 kcal/mol |
