Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system? |
1. to circulate substances throughout the body 2. supply cells and tissues w/ oxygen&nutrients 3. to remove wastes (CO2 and urea) |
|
|
What comprises the cardiovascular system? |
the heart and blood vessels (blood vessels include the arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries) |
|
|
Indicate the location of the atrioventricular valves |
Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) is located between the left atrium and left ventricle Tricuspid valve is located between the right atria and right ventricle |
|
|
What blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? And indicate O2 and CO2 levels |
Arteries, high O2 low CO2 (except pulmonary arteries are opposite)(freshly oxygenated) |
|
|
What blood vessels carry blood to the heart? Indicate O2 and CO2 levels |
Veins, low in O2, high in CO2 (expect pulmonary veins are opposite) (has been in circulation and deposited all of its O2 in the body) |
|
|
Explain the path of blood through the heart |
from the body into the superior/inferior vena Cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle-pulmonary trunk- pulmonary arteries-capillaries in the lungs (alveoli)-pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid (mitral) valve-left ventricle-ascending aorta to the body |
|
|
When the heart pumps, what is contraction called? |
Systole |
|
|
When the heart pumps, what is relaxation called? |
Diastole |
|
|
When the atria are in systole (contraction) what are the ventricles doing? |
Relaxing (diastole) so that they can fill with the blood coming from the contracting atria |
|
|
What is the pressure, high or low, in the atria during systole? |
High in the atria and low in the ventricles - blood moves from high pressure to low pressure |
|
|
What is the Lubb Dupp sound in the heart? |
Lubb is the closing of the AV valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) Dupp is the closing of the SL valves closing (pulmonary and aortic valves) |
|
|
What indicates a heart murmur |
Incomplete closing of valve cusps |
|
|
How do exchanges occur in capillaries? |
Hydrostatic (blood) pressure pushes small solutes and fluid out of the capillary. Osmotic pressure brings fluid back into the capillary. Most fluid is lost at the beginning of the capillary bed but is regained by the end. |
|
|
Where is the hydrostatic pressure greater - the arteriole or venule end of a capillary? Where is the osmotic pressure greater - the arteriole or venule end of a capillary? |
Arteriole end (low osmotic pressure) Venule end (low hydrostatic pressure) |
|
|
What is the principle function of blood flow through the cardiovascular system? |
To provide cells with oxygen and nutrients so that they will not die. |
|
|
What are in the cardiovascular system? |
the heart, blood vessels, and the blood |
|
|
What is normal arterial blood pressure - at rest and what is the normal pulse rate |
120/80 mmHg 60-100 bpm |
|
|
What heart rate indicates Tachycardia? |
greater than 100 bpm |
|
|
What heart rate indicates Bradycardia? |
less than 60 bpm |
|
|
What happens to blood pressure when blood volume decreases? |
Blood pressure decreases - there is a direct relationship between volume and pressure |
|
|
Blood pressure is regulated by the cardiovascular and vasomotor centers of the brain - where are those located? |
the Medulla of the brain stem |
|
|
What are the major circuits in circulation? |
Pulmonary circuit - vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and return blood to the left atrium from the lungs Systemic circuit - vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body cells and back to the heart |
|
|
What part of the heart keeps the heart rate at 60-100 bpm? |
The sinoatrial node (SA node), also called the pacemaker of the heart. |
|
|
What is the parasympathetic response? |
Rest and Digest - the body functions in its normal ranges |
|
|
What is the sympathetic response? |
Fight or flight- the body exhibits stress responses |
|
|
What organs (systems) regulate the metabolic acid balance (acids and bases) of the body? |
The lungs and kidneys--The Respiratory system and Renal System |
|
|
What are the fluid compartments that distribute fluids in the body? |
Intracellular (fluid within cells) Interstitial and intravascular (fluid outside of the cells)= Extracellular |
|
|
What is the normal pH of the body and what occurs when it deviates? |
normal = 7.4 acidosis = below 7.4 (increased co2 and carbonic acid) alkalosis= above 7.4 (decreased co2 and carbonic acid) |
|
|
If there is an acid-base disturbance, what systems could be malfunctioning? |
chemical buffers, respiratory mechanisms, and/or renal mechanisms (kidneys) |
|
|
What releases the primary enzymes needed for macro-nutrient breakdown (Carbs, Fats, Proteins, Nucleic Acids) |
The Pancreas |
|
|
What does the term hepatic refer to? |
The Liver |
|
|
What are the functions of the Liver? |
1. metabolism 2. storage (glycogen, Vitamin A, b12, D, iron) 3. filtration of blood (worn out cells and debris) 4. destruction of toxic chemicals (drugs/alcohol) 5. production/secretion of bile |
|
|
What are the functions of the Small Intestine? |
1. Chemical digestion (in the duodenum) 2. Secretions (mucus and digestive enzymes) 3. absorption of nutrients (90% of all absorption) |
|
|
What are the functions of the Large Intestine |
1. Secretion of mucus 2. absorb water and electrolytes 3. Store feces ( which is 75% water) 4. intestinal bacterial digestion of substances humans cannot digest |
|
|
What is the function of the Gallbladder? |
1. storage of bile between meals 2. Production of bile salts that function in emulsification of fat molecules |
|
|
What are the functions of Lymph nodes? |
they contain lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and macrophages which destroy harmful microorganisms in the lymph fluid to aid in immunity |
|
|
What is the primary function of the Thymus? |
to serve as the site of maturation of T Cells |
|
|
What is the primary function of the Spleen? |
removal & destruction of foreign particles and worn out red blood cells |
|
|
What structures of the body belong to the immune system? |
--The tonsils and thymus, which make antibodies. --The lymph nodes and vessels (the lymphatic system) --Bone marrow --The spleen, which filters the blood by removing old or damaged blood cells and platelets and helps the immune system by destroying bacteria and other foreign substances. --White blood cells. |
|
|
What are INNATE (nonspecific) immune defenses? |
1st and 2nd line defenses - protection against a wide range of pathogens - Mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes) Chemical barriers (Enzymes, acids, salts), Natural Killer cells, inflammation, Phagocytosis, and fever |
|
|
What is ADAPTIVE (specific) immunity? |
3rd line defenses- protection against particular disease-causing agents. Antigens, T/B Cells, immunoglobulins, antibodies |
|
|
What are the four sections of the brain? |
the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brainstem. |
|
|
Describe the cerebrum |
the largest part of the brain. It is responsible for memory, speech, the senses, emotional response, and more. It is divided into several sections called lobes. These lobes are referred to as the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital |
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum? |
controls motor function, the body's ability to balance, and its ability to interpret the information sent to the brain by the eyes, ears, and other sensory organs. |
|
|
What are the divisions and functions of the brain stem? |
sections: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. respiration, blood pressure, some reflexes, and the changes that happen in the body during what is called the “fight or flight” response |
|
|
What are the divisions and functions of the diencephalon? |
the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. sensory function, food intake control, and the body's sleep cycle |
|
|
Frontal Lobe functions |
reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language. At the back of the frontal lobe, lies the motor cortex which receives information from various lobes of the brain and carries out body movements. Damage to the frontal lobe can lead to changes in sexual habits, socialization, and attention as well as increased risk-taking. |
|
|
Parietal Lobe functions |
processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. A portion of the brain known as the somatosensory cortex is located in this lobe and is essential to the processing of the body's senses. |
|
|
Temporal Lobe Functions |
interpreting sounds and the language we hear and the formation of memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can lead to problems with memory, speech perception, and language skills. |
|
|
Occipital Lobe Functions |
interpreting visual stimuli and information.Damage to this lobe can cause visual problems such as difficulty recognizing objects, an inability to identify colors, and trouble recognizing words. |
|
|
What are the functions of the renal system (the kidneys) |
1. remove metabolic wastes from the blood and excrete them outside in the urine. 2.maintenance of homeostasis: regulation of RBC formation blood pressure (renin) blood volume (AHD) blood composition blood pH |
|
|
What dietary factors would decrease Red Blood Cell production? |
1. lack of B12, folic acid, and iron 2. lack of proper nutrients (leads to anemia, which is low blood count) |
|
|
What is the key function of RBCs? What is the key function of WBCs? What is the key function of Platelets? |
**note these are the formed elements in blood** transportation of oxygen fight infection/control disease blood clotting |
|
|
What is the primary function of plasma? |
to function as solvents in transport, temperature regulation, and act as a site of metabolic reactions. is composed of water, proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, and regulatory substances (hormones/enzymes) |
|
|
Why do we breathe? |
Respiration is necessary for cellular respiration which uses O2 to release energy from the nutrients that we eat |
|
|
What is the area of the brain that controls thoughts, plans, and behavior? |
The Frontal Lobe |
|
|
How do brain cells differ from other cells in the body? |
Brain cells do not store glucose as glycogen - they don't have their own glucose supply aside from blood flow |
|
|
If a client has stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which vital signs would a nurse expect? |
Normal ranges -- Heart rate between 60-80 bpm Respiratory rate between 10-20/min |
|
|
Chronic hypertension causes what change in the blood vessels? |
Damage to the tunica intima resulting in swelling and intravascular clotting |
|
|
Asthma results in what respiratory system change? |
Increased mucus production |
|
|
How does air enter the lungs? |
When the lungs expand, the pressure inside the lungs becomes negative compared to the atmospheric pressure causing air to enter the lungs |
|
|
What controls the firing of the Sinus node to trigger the start of the cardiac cycle? |
The autonomic nervous system |
|
|
What controls the rate and depth of respiration in normal adults? |
Chemoreceptors in response to the acid-base and oxygen status |
|
|
The body's response to correct an excess or deficit of a metabolic acid depends on normal function of what? |
The Respiratory system and Renal system |
|
|
What regulates fluids between interstitial and intracellular compartments? |
Osmosis |
|
|
Where is the majority of digestion and absorption occurring? |
Small intestine |
|
|
What changes in sensory function occur due to aging? |
Increase in response to change in temperature |
|
|
What increases the basal metabolic rate of a person? |
Stress (fever and illness will also increase it, while sleep maintains it) |
|
|
Where does the exchange of gases occur in the lungs? |
The alveoli |
|
|
What controls the body's immune response? |
White Blood Cells |
