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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Der Arbeitgeber/die Arbeitgeberin
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employer
|
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Das Arbeitsamt,:er
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employment office
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Der Arbeitplatz
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Workplace
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Die Ausbildung
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training
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derBerufsberater
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employment counselor
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die Bewerbung
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application
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das Bu:ro
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office
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der Chef
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manager,boss
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einkommen
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income
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die erfahrung
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experience
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die firma
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firm,company
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das gehalt
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salary
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der lebenslauf
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resume
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mitarbeiter
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co-worker
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die stelle
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position,job
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das vorstellungsgesprach
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job interview
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abwechslungsreich
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varied,diverse
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im Freien
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outdoors
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im Ausland
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abroad
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der Arzt/die Arztin
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doctor
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der schauspieler/die schauspielerin
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actor/actress
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der dolmetscher/die dolmetscherin
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interpreter
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der Mechaniker/die Mechanikerin
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mechanic
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der Musiker/ die Musikerin
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musician
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der Architek/ die Architekerin
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architect
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der Informatiker/die Informatikerin
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computer scientist
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der Kaufmann/die Kaufleute
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salesman/saleswoman
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when is "nicht" used, where does it go in the sentence?
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comes at the end when it negatifies a whole sentence, when it negatifies only one thing it is right before.
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Nicht procedes was?
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predicate adjectives, nouns, verbal compliments, prepositional phrases
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schon
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already,yet
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noch nicht
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not yet
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noch kein
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not yet
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noch or immer noch
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still
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nicht mehr
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no longer
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kein mehr
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no longer,any longer
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die ausgabe
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expense
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die Miete
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rent
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die Nebenkosten
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utilities
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die Ernahrung
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food,nutrition
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die Studiengebuhren
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tuition, fees
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pleite sein
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broke, out of money
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sparsam
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thrifty
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Einnahmen
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income
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sich argern uber
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to be annoyed about
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aus geben
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to spend money
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bauen
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to build
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bitten um
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to ask for
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denken an
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to think about
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sich freuen auf
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to look forward to
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sich freuen uber
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to be glad about
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warten auf
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to wait for
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sich interessieren fur
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to be interested in
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darauf
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after that
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daruber
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about it
|
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darum
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therefore
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daran
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at it
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dahin
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tere
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daher
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from there
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das Nachricten
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news
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das Programm
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station, tv channel
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Wirtschaft und Borse
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economy and stock market
|
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Aktuelles
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current events
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die Sendung
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tv or radio programs
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die Unterhaltung
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entertainment
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abonnieren
|
subscribe
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der Spielfilm
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feature film
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der Sender
|
sender
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das Haushaltunggerat
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household appliance
|
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die Erfindung
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invention
|
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das Videogerat
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video unit
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das Waschetrockner
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clothesdryer
|
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der Aufbeantworter
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anwsering machine
|
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das Faxgerat
|
Fax machine
|
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das Handy
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Cellphone
|
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der Dvd-spieler
|
dvd player
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der Fernseher
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television
|
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what are some infinitive clauses
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ohne,weil,naemlich, fuer,denn,um,zu
|
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Differences between respiration and photosynthesis
|
In Photosynthesis, glucose is formed, CO2,H20, sun is used, glucose is produced
In Respiration, glucose is broken down, glucose is used, CO2, energy and glucose is formed |
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What is ATP Synthasis?
|
formation of ATP, protein gradient formed by splitting water
|
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What happens in light dependent reactions?
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produce ATP, Reduce NADP+ into NADPH, Oxidise H2O, Release O2
|
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What happens in the light harvesting pigment protein complex?
|
They each have a reaction center and the antenae absorbs differents types of pigments in different areas.
|
|
How do pigments absorb light? What is given off when you give up energy?
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Electrons move to an excited state, given off through heat, flurescent, photochemistry
|
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What are the names of the pigments in photosynthesis?
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Chrophyll a and b, xanthophylls, Karotene
|
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How much energy is in light such as in long wavelengths and short wavelengths?
|
Long wavelengths=Low energy
Short wavelenths=High energy |
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Where does photosynthesis take place?
|
In the mesophyll in the chloroplast
|
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What are the two phases in photosynthesis and what happens in each?
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Light dependent reactions-light energy required and ATP and NADPH produced
Light independent reactions- ATP and NADPH used, carbon fixation |
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What happens in photosythesis that is like respiration?
|
Step 1-5 run backwards,only 2 phases in photosynthesis and 3 in respiration
|
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What happens in photosynthesis?
|
sunlight is the source of energy, redox reaction, water is split and electrons are transfered from water to CO2, making it sugar
|
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What happens in Animal and Plant Cytokinesis?
|
Animals,cleavage furrow forms in cells pinched into two, Plant, New wall cell plate emerges,plate enlarges
|
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What happens in Telophase (Mitosis)?
|
Non-kinetochore microtubules elongate cell, nuclear envelope begins to reform,nucleoli reappear, chromosomes uncoil, cytokinesis is underway
|
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What happens in Anaphase (Mitosis)?
|
paired centromeres seperate from each other, microtubules pull chromosomes to opposite ends, each pole receives complete compliment of chromosomes
|
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What happens in Metaphase(Mitosis)?
|
Centrosomes are at opposite sides of the poles, chromosomes aligned along the metaphase plate
|
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What happens in prometaphase (Mitosis)?
|
Nuclear envelope breaks down,spindle apparatus becomes associated with chromosomes, chromosomes move toward metaphase plate
|
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What happens in prophase (Mitosis)?
|
Nucleoli disappear,chromatin fibers condense, mitotic spindle begins to form
|
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What happens in Interphase (mitosis)?
|
chromosomes are duplicated, centrosomes are duplicated and are starting to pull apart
|
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What are the 5 phases in Mitosis?
|
Prophase, Prometaphase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase
|
|
what is the goal of cell division?
|
to distribute genome equally
|
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What are sister chromatids,chromatin, mitosis, and centromere?
|
sister chromatids-unreplicated chromosome
mitosis-seperate sister chromatids chromatin-loose,undeveloped protein,centromere-attached between two sister chromatids |
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What is the role of cell reproduction?
|
Reproduction,growth,renewal
|
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What is independent assortment?
|
random orientation of tetrads contributes to genetic variability
|
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What is crossing over?
|
Chiosmata, new combination of alleles
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Meiosis II is like what?
|
Mitosis
|
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What are the 3 things that contribute to genetic variation?
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Crossing over,Independent Assortment, Random Fertilization
|
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What happens in Telophase (Meiosis)?
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Each plate of the cell has a haploid compliment of chromosomes,Each chromosome has a linked sister chromatid
|
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What happens in Anaphase (Meiosis)?
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Seperation of homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids remain together and attach at centromeres
|
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What happens in Metaphase (Meiosis)?
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Tetrads aline along metaphase plate, Kinetochore microtubules attach to each homologue in tetrad
|
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What happens in Prophase (Meiosis)?
|
Chromosomes condense, homologous pairs, chiamata form, spindle apparatus forms to move tetrads
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What are the 4 phases in Meiosis 1? what happens in interphase?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,Telophase
Interphase-chromosomes replicate, centrosomes replicate |
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What are the 2 nuclear divisions in Meiosis? What happens in them?
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Meoisis 1-seperate homologous chromosomes/cytokinesis
Meiosis 2-seperate sister chromatids/cytokinesis,get 4 daughter cells |
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What are somatic cells, gametes,fertilization, Meiosis?
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Somatic-all other cells but gametes,gametes-haploid,egg and sperm, -fertilization-fusion of the egg and sperm, Meiosis- nuclear division process in reproducing organisms,half the chromosomes of the original cell
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What are homologous chromosomes, sex chromosomes, and autosomes?
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Homo-pairs of chromosomes that possess genes for the same characteristic at the same loci
Sex chrom-involved in determining the sex of a chromosome Autosome-everything not envolved in sex determination |
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What is a gene, allele, chromosome and locus?
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gene-sequence of DNA codes for a protein
allele-alternate form of a gene chromosome-long thread like assocation of genes locus-location on the chromosome |
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What are some alterations of chromosome structure?
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Crossover,Deletion,duplication,mobile portions, point mutation
|
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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additive effects of 2 or more genes on a single phenotype ex.skin color
|
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What happens in Epitasis?
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A gene on 1 locus effects the gene of another expression at a 2nd locus
ex:locus 1-color deposition locus 2-black dominant over brown |
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What is pleiotrophy?
|
genes with mutiple phenotypes
ex>sickle cell anemia |
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What is complete dominance,codominance,and incomplete dominance?
|
complete-one is dominant over another
co-neither dominant incomplete-one allele doesn't dominant over another |
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Punnett Square for two characteristics? YyRr x YyRr
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9:3:3:1
|
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What is law of segregation?
|
seperation of an allele into seperate gametes
|
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What is hybridization?
|
selection for a particular trait
|
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What is the lagging strand in DNA replication?
|
copied in Osaki fragments
DNA sythesized way from the processing replication fork |
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What happens in DNA synthesis?/
|
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end and the daughter strand uses the 5' to 3' direction as a template
|
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Carriers
|
passive or active transport, binds to solute, protein undergoes change, slower then channels
|
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Peroxisomes
|
membrane bound,not part of the endomembrane system, produces H2O2 used for detoxifying in liver
|
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Channels
|
Passive transport, facilated diffusion, size specific, charge specific, transports the most
|
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3 Classes of transport proteins
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channels, gated channels (carriers), pumps
|
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3 different types of solute concentrations
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hypertonice solution-higher solutes
hypotonic solution-lower solutes isotonic solutions-equal solutes |
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Solution
|
solution=solvent (water) + solute (particles)
|
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diffusion
|
high to low concentration until system reaches equilibrium
passive |
|
Entropy
|
measurement of disorder, maximum randomness
|
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Osmosis
|
water moving thru a membrane
|
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Glycoprotein
|
sugar bound to proteins in a membrane/cell
|
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Glycolipids
|
carbs(sugars) that are bound to lipids in a cell/membrane
|
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pumps
|
active transport, pump against concentration gradient, essential for small molecules
|
|
Membranes what are they?
|
selectively permable, hydrophillic/hydrophobic regiions, h20 moves freely across, ions can't go through freely
|
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What are the two types of proteins in the membrane and where are they?
|
Integral protein- hydrophobic embedded in the fatty acid
Peripheral protein- not embedded attached to surface membrane |
|
What is the triplet code? What happens in the 3rd position?
|
triplet codes have a table to illustrate what amino acid they are, triple codes only represent one amino acid, the 3rd position (wobbles/varies)
|
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How do 4 nucleotides specify 20 amino acids?
|
DNA nucleotides (A,G,T,C) are grouped into 3's (codons) and each codon is translated into amino acid.
|
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Feedback Inhibition
|
negative feedback loop
product inhibits enzyme activity |
|
spontaneous reactions
|
occur when system gives up energy (H) and gives up order (s)
|
|
What are the 3 parts needed in a nucleic acid?
|
phosphate group, 5-c sugar (pentase), nitrogenious base
|
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Polynucleotides
|
polymers of nucleotides synthesized by connecting of one nucleotide to the phosphate of the next one
|
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Phosopodiester link
|
linked covalent bonds, between a phosphate of one nucleotide to the next
|
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Catabolic Metabolic Pathways
|
Break down complex molecules to a simplier compound
more free energy and also release ATP |
|
Anabolic Metabolic Pathway
|
consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpiler ones
|
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Rubisco
|
Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate Carboxylase Oxygonase
|
|
What binds with Rubisco to produce the 5-C sugar Rubisco?
|
3 phosphate glycerate
(2) 3-C-Sugar |
|
Exergonic Reaction
|
releases free energy spontenously (breakdown of sugar)
|
|
Endergonic reaction
|
gains free energy not spontaneous (synthesis of sugar)
|
|
Endocytosis and 3 types
|
transport of large molecules
vesicles formed from cell membrane Pinocytosis-cell drinking Phagocytosis-cell eating Receptor mediated-selective uptake |
|
What is carbohydrate and what is it's function?
|
sugar that does cell to cell recognition and identification
|
|
Rubosome structure and function in translation?
|
facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons
large, small subunits rRNA and protein 3 binding sites A,P and E |
|
What binds amino acids in translation?
|
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
|
|
What is a tRNA structure and function? What is an anti-codon?
|
Folds via H bonds, 3'bonds bottom loop-anticodon anticodon recognizes codons
base pair of amino acid at each end in the site |
|
What is translation and what are the components?
|
interprets mRNA and sytheizes protein
|
|
How are introns removed?
|
splicing signals are sent to the end of the introns, snRNPs recognizes sites and binds
spliceosome cuts RNA transcripts and splices exons |
|
What is a spliceosome and it's function?
|
Its variety of proteins and some nuclear RNA molecule (snRNA) and recognizes where to splice at the ends of introns
|
|
What is RNA splicing? What are introns and exons?
|
removes introns and joins exons creating an mRNA molecules with a continuous coding sequence
Intron= don't know function Exons=express protein |
|
What is involved in pre mRNA and why is it modifyed?
|
addition of a guanine/phosphate cap, addition long adenine nucleotides on 3' end
|
|
What happens in termination in the transcription?
|
transcription proceeds until RNA termination site
UAA, UAG, UGA |
|
What is elongation in transcription? what happens in it?
|
RNA polymerase works 5' to 3' untwists DNA double helix
RNA nucleotides are added on the 3' end |
|
What is initiation in transcription?
|
RNA polymerase binds to promotor region with aid of proteins
|
|
What is the promotor, transcription unit and terminator?
|
promotor-upstream gene
transcription unit-DNA section terminator-signal end of transcription |
|
What are some functions of RNA polymerase?
|
binds and seperates DNA strands at approriate point, initates RNA synthesis and bounds RNA molecules on DNA templets
|
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What is transcription and what are the 3 stages?
|
conversion of a transcription unit (dna gene) in mRNA
Initation, elongation,termination |
|
3 differences in DNA replication and RNA (transcription/translation)?
|
end product isn't double stranded,no t's=u's, not replication of an entire chromsome only DNA gene
|
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What happens in the priming replication?
|
Primase creates a RNA primer which DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 3'end
|
|
What are the events in DNA replication?
|
Unwinding of double helix,stabilize single stranded DNA
|
|
What are the proteins required for replication?
|
Helicase, Primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, Single stranded binding protein
|
|
Where does DNA replication take place?
|
In a replication fork with a parent and a daughter strand
|
|
What is DNA replication?
|
Duplication of a DNA polmer, a newly formed template
|
|
How is H-bonding determined in the DNA ring ladder?
|
size of the base, must have a purine and pyrimidine
|
|
What makes up the DNa double helix structure?
|
2 anti-parellels with a sugar phosphate backbone, 5 carbon linked to #3 carbon, nitrogenous base towards inside
|
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What are the two classes of DNA nitrogenous bases? What nucleotides do what?
|
1 ring pyrimidines (c-cytosine,t-thymine)
2 ring Purine (a-adenine, g-guanine) |
|
What are the 3 parts of nucleic acid and DNA structure?
|
phosphate group,5-c sugar, nitrogenous bases
|
|
What are the 3 steps to get from a gene to a protein?
|
Transcription,mRNA processing, translation
|
|
What happens in termination in translation?
|
Occurs what stop codons reach A site, protein binds to site A, ribosome disassembles
|
|
What happens in Elongation in translation? What are the 3 steps in elongation?
|
amino acid are added to the preceding, protein elongation factors needed
GTP spent 3 steps- codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation |
|
What happens in initiation in translation?
|
small subunit binds with mRNA and special tRNA intator , Large subunit binds intitator occupies P site of assembled ribosome
|
|
What are the 3 steps in translation?
|
Initiation, elongation, termination
|
|
What are the 3 sites in a ribosome in translation?
|
A site-entrance for tRNA
P site-holds tRNA carrying the chain E site-tRNA exit |
|
What are the 3 classes of electron carriers?
|
cytochrome, non heme Iron-sulfur,quinones
|
|
Where is the ETC?
|
a protein in the inner mitochondria membrane
|
|
How is the protein gradient produced? What are the two types of gradients?
|
by the electron movement along the ETC
electrical, chemical |
|
What is Electron Transport Chain and what is being produced?
|
E' transferred to H20
|
|
What is chemiosmosis?
|
couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthase
|
|
What is ATP synthase?
|
allow h+ to diffuse boack to the matrix
-an exergonic flow of h+ used by the enzyme to generate ATP |
|
What is the protein motive force?
|
the concentration of h+
|
|
Cooperativity
|
maintains enzymes shape, activator binds to an active site but works only with mutiple active sites
|
|
primary structure
|
held together by peptide bonds, one side is aminoacid
|
|
Exocytosis
|
taking things out of cell membrane
|
|
Vacuoles and the 3 types
|
food vacuole,contractile vacuole, centro vacuole
|
|
Nucleolus
|
rRNA is synthesized and assembled with proteins to form ribosomes
|
|
Regulation of enzyme activity?
|
tempurature, PH and cofactors, Inhibitors
|
|
Enzyme substraight complex
|
When enzyme and substrate form to produce a product
|
|
2nd law of thermodynamics
|
every energy transfer of transformation increases the entropy of the universe
|
|
firt law of thermodynamics
|
energy can neither be created nor destroyed rather can be transferred
|
|
co-transport
|
couples transport 2 solutes via pump and carriers
|
|
single membrane orgenelles
|
endoplasmic reticulum (er), golgi apparatus, lyzosome, peroxisome, vacuole
|
|
endosymbiotic theory
|
phagocytic uptake of a bacterial cell
|
|
endomembrane concept
|
a continious dynamic system in the cell
Nuclear membrane>ER>Golgi ap>Lysozome>cell membrane |
|
nucleic acid
|
store and transmit heredity information
|
|
quaternary structure
|
2 or more polypeptides that come together
|
|
tertiary structure
|
globular protein, side chain interactions
|
|
secondary structure
|
beta and alpha sheets, held by hydrogen bonds
|
|
what are the 4 levels of protein structures?
|
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
|
|
3 classes of carriers
|
uniport, one solute, one direction
symport, two solutes +/-, some direction antiport, two solutes +/+, opposite direction |
|
double membrane orgenelles
|
nucleus,chloroplast, mitochondria
|
|
organelles
|
bodies within cytosol with a specialized function
|
|
thermodynamics
|
energy transformation in a collection of matter
|
|
potential energy
|
an object not moving may still pocess energy
|
|
kinetic energy
|
energy and the relative motion of an object
|
|
Enzymes
|
speed up a reaction by catalizing chemical reactions they are proteins
|
|
Energy Coupling
|
the use of a exergonic process to drive a endergonic one
|
|
Substrate
|
the reactants an enzyme reacts on
|
|
How are substrates attracted to enzymes?
|
Through weak bonds and slight charged attractions
|
|
What are the two types of inhibitors for enzymes?
|
competitive-compete for the active site with substrates
non-competitive-seek an alternative site on the enzyme |
|
Allosteric Activator
|
Activator binds to a secondary site so that the enzyme won't switch to an inactive form
|
|
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
|
transport,enzymatic activity, cell to cell recognition
|
|
Lysosomes
|
produced by golgi apparatus, single membrane bound,enzyme for digestion
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
single membrane bound, transport vesicle travel from ER, synthesis of cell water matter, packaging and modification
|
|
Nucleus
|
manager of cell structure and function, stores blueprint of cell, proteins made, protein synthesis in mRNA, nucleolus, double membrane bound
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
cytosol (cell sap), organelles
|
|
Plama membrane (cell membrane)
|
delimits cells, binds whole cell together
|
|
similarity between prokaryotic and eurkaryotic cells
|
All cells have plasma membrane and semi-fluid cytosol,DNA
|
|
Eurkaryote
|
cell is membrane bound with a nucleus,found in plants and animals
|
|
Prokaryte
|
bacteria, archea with no membrane bound nucleus
|
|
cell
|
basic unit of life
|
|
Ribosomes
|
No bound membrane,protein factories, my be free or bound in the ER,float in the cytoplasm
|
|
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)and the two types
|
single membrane bound, building endomembrane system
smooth-lack ribosomes,lipid synthesis rough-ribosome surface makes membranes,protein synthesis |
|
Mitochondrion
|
site of respiration,2 cellelar membranes
|
|
Chloroplast
|
site of photosynthesis-making sugar and starch, 2 phospolipid bi-layers
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
inner layer-structural support,pores perferate membrane entrance and exit of macromolecules
|
|
What is the Krebs Cycle? What is being produced in the beginning and end?
|
produce 6 moles of CO2, electrons go to the 3rd step
|
|
What happens in the Kreb cycle?
|
generates ATP and electrons carriers for ETC, one cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and this happens twice
|
|
What are two ananaerobic pathways?
|
Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid
|
|
What is respration?
|
controlled transfer of chemical energy of carbs to ATP
|
|
What happens in aerobic respiration?
|
respiration in the prescence of oxygen, all sugar is converted to O2
|
|
How is respiration regulated?
|
Feedback mechanisms
|
|
What type of energy is made in each step in respiration?
|
glycolysis- 2 ATP/2 NADPH
Krebs Cycle-2 ATP/6 NADPH ETC-2 FADH2 |
|
What is the difference between oxidate and reduce?
|
oxidate-give up electrons
reduce-accept electrons |
|
What are the 3 phases in respiration?
|
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
|