Kap 1

Front 1

Cell Theory

Back 1

1. All things made of cells

2. Cell basic functional unit of life

3. Cell arise only from preexisting cells

4. Cells carry genetic info (DNA) passed from parent to daughter

(Virus violate 3rd and 4th = not living organism)

Front 2

General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

Back 2

1. Unicellular or multicellular

2. True nucleus with enclosed membrane

3. Membrane bound organelles

Front 3

General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

Back 3

1. No nucleus

Front 4

Cytosol

Back 4

Allows for diffusion of molecules throughout cell

Front 5

Nucleus

Back 5

Contains genetic material that are organized into chromosomes

Front 6

Mitosis

Back 6

Formation of 2 identical daughter cells

Front 7

Nucleus

Back 7

1. Surrounded by nuclear membrane or envelope (a double membrane)

2. Nuclear pores- allow for 2 way exchange btw cytoplasm and nucleus

Front 8

Genes

Back 8

Coding regions of DNA

Front 9

Histones

Back 9

Linear DNA is wound around organizing proteins known as this which when wounds into chromosomes

Front 10

Nucleolus

Back 10

Where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized ~ 25% of nucleus - dark

Front 11

Transciption

Back 11

All within nucleus

1. Formation of hnRNA from DNA

2. Processed to mRNA

Front 12

Translation

Back 12

Formation of peptide from mRNA in cytosol

Front 13

Mitochondria

Back 13

1. Outer and inner membranes

2. Replicate via binary fission with their own genes

3. Able to release enzymes that initiate apoptosis

Front 14

Outer membrane of mitochondria

Back 14

Barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondrion

Front 15

Inner membrane of mitochondria

Back 15

The numerous foldings called cristae that contains molecules and enzymes necessary for ETC

Front 16

Intermembrane Space

Back 16

Space between inner and outer membrane of mitochondrion

Front 17

matrix of mitochondria

Back 17

Space inside the inner membrane

Front 18

Lysosomes

Back 18

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates (cell waste and stuff ingested via endocytosis)

Front 19

Autolysis

Back 19

Release of enzyme within lysosome that would degrade cellular components of the cells

Front 20

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 20

Series of interconnected membranes contiguous with nuclear envelope and folded into numerous invaginations that create a complex structure with a central lumen

2- smooth and rough

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Rough ER

Back 21

Studded with ribosomes to make proteins destined for secretion into the ER lumen

Front 22

Smooth ER

Back 22

Lacks ribosomes

Mainly makes lipid synthesis and detroxification of certain drugs and poisons

Transport protein from rough ER to Golgi App

Front 23

Golgi Apparatus

Back 23

Stacked membrane bound sacs that modified vesicles coming from ER via addition of various function groups (carb, phosphates, sulfates) or modify cell products with signal sequences that direct products to parts of cell (repackaged 1st)

Front 24

Peroxisomes

Back 24

Contains hydrogen peroxide which breaks down long chains of fatty acid by beta oxidation. Synthesis phospolipids and enzymes in penthose pathway

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Cytoskeleton

Back 25

Provides structure to cell and helps it to maintain its shape and is a conduit to transport materials around the cells

Front 26

Microfilaments

Back 26

Made up of solid polymerize rods of actin\

Role in cytokinesis (division in mitosis)

Front 27

Actin

Back 27

Organized in bundles and networks that are resistant to compression and fracture

Use ATP to force movement with myosin to contract muscle

Front 28

Cleavage Furrow

Back 28

Formed from microfilaments which organize as a ring at site of division between 2 new daughter cells - filament contracts to pinch

Front 29

Microtubules

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Made up of hollow polymers of tubulin that radiate throughout the cell providing pathway for motor protein (kinesin and dynein)- what cilia and flagella are made up of

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Cilia

Back 30

Projection from a cell that are primarily involved in movement of materials along surface of the cell (lines respiratory tracts to move mucus)

9+2 structure

Front 31

Flagella

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Structures involved in movement of the cell itself- like sperm cell (9+2 structure)

Front 32

Centrioles

Back 32

Region of cell called centrosomes that are organizing centers for microtubules and are structured as the 9 triplets of microtubules

Mitosis: migrate to opposite poles of dividing cell

Front 33

Kinetochores

Back 33

Microtubules emanating from centrioles attach to chromosomes via these complexes to exert force on sister chromatids and pull them apart

Front 34

Intermediate Filaments

Back 34

Diverse group of filamentous protein like eratin and desmin. Cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of integrity of cytoskeleton- anchor nucleus

Front 35

Types of tissue

Back 35

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Front 36

Ephithelial Tissue

Back 36

Cover the body and lines cavities to protect against pathogen invasion and desiccation

Absorption, secretion, sensation

Polarized (have orientations)

Front 37

Basement Membrane

Back 37

Layer of connective tissue that are connected to epithelial cells to tightly join those cells

Front 38

Parenchyma

Back 38

Functional part of the organ (neuphrons, hepatocytes, acid producing cells are all epithelial)

Front 39

Simple epithelia

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One layer of epithelial cells

Front 40

Stratified Epithelia

Back 40

Multiple layers of epithelial cells

Front 41

Pseudostratified Epithelia

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Appear to have multiple layers due to differences in height but really there's just 1 layer

Front 42

Shapes of epithelial cells

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Cuboidal, columnar (long and thin) and squamous (flat and scalelike)

Front 43

Connective Tissue

Back 43

Supports the body and provides a framework for epithelial cells to carry out their function

Front 44

Stroma

Back 44

Support structure of organ - form Extracellular Matrix (collagen and elastin)