Ka Pilinaʻōlelo

Front 1

ikaiā

Back 1

active

Front 2

iʻoa mauli

Back 2

proper noun

Hint 2

Names like Leilani, Kimo, Alohalani

Front 3

iʻoa paku

Back 3

place name

Hint 3

Names like Honolulu, Oʻahu, Waikīkī, Mākaha

Front 4

hamani

Back 4

transitive verb (e.g. hana, haʻawi, kiʻi, etc.)

Hint 4

This verb transfers an action or an object to someone or something else - its meaning is incomplete without a direct object.

Ua haʻawi au i ka puke iā Kimo.

Front 5

hehele

Back 5

intransitive verb (e.g. hele, komo)

Hint 5

This verb doesn't take a direct object. It is not an action that is done to something or someone else.

Ua hele au i ke kula i kēia kakahiaka.

Front 6

helukahi

Back 6

singular

Front 7

helulua

Back 7

dual

Front 8

helunui

Back 8

plural

Front 9

hoaakāka

Back 9

appositive

Hint 9

An appositive is a noun or pronoun, often with modifers, set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it.

Example: Your friend Kimo is in trouble.
The insect, a cockroach, crawled across the table.
The insect, an ugly cockroach, crawled across the table.
The insect, an ugly, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of Frosted Flakes, is crawling across the kitchen table.

In these three examples "a cockroach", "an ugly cockroach", and "an ugly, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of Frosty Flakes" are appositives...

Front 10

hune kiʻa

Back 10

nominalizing particle (ʻana)

Hint 10

Nominalization allows for the use of a verb in a noun phrase.
It can happen in English as well in Hawaiian:
I enjoy his singing.
When cutting up a chicken, try to find the joints.
Quite often the translation from English to Hawaiian requires a change from an English verb phrase to a Hawaiian noun phrase:
She is crying because she [fell over] VP
Ke uē nei ʻo ia no [kona hina ʻana] NP
When they [saw] VP the plane, they left the restaurant.
I [ko lākou ʻike ʻana] NP i ka mokulele, ua haʻalele lākou i ka hale ʻaina.

Front 11

hune kuhi

Back 11

directional (mai, aku, aʻe, iho)

Hint 11

This one is tricky. English speaker "eat up or drink up", while Hawaiian speakers "eat down or drink down" - ʻai iho, inu iho.

Front 12

hune ʻaʻau

Back 12

particles (intensifers/dubitative)

nō, kā, lā, naʻe, hoʻi, hā, kau, anei, paha, ē

Hint 12

You can say something is very good directly by saying "maikaʻi loa", or indirectly, by saying "maikaʻi nō"...

Front 13

hune ʻiae

Back 13

passive marker (ʻia)

Hint 13

Note the difference between these two examples:
Ua hānau au. I gave birth.
Ua hānau ʻia au. I was born (given birth to).

Front 14

kāhulu

Back 14

modifying usage

Front 15

kāhulu pepeke

Back 15

relative clause

Front 16

kālele kūlana

Back 16

situation emphatic

Front 17

kālele ʻākena

Back 17

agent emphatic

Front 18

kaʻi

Back 18

articles, demonstratives, contractions (e.g. ka, nā, kekahi, kēlā, kēia, koʻu, etc.)

Front 19

kiʻa

Back 19

nominal usage

Front 20

kiʻa hopunaʻōlelo

Back 20

derived nominal (ka hana ʻana)

Front 21

kiʻa huaʻōlelo

Back 21

true nominal (ka hana)

Front 22

kikino

Back 22

common noun

Front 23

kinoʻā

Back 23

"a" class possession

Front 24

kinoʻō

Back 24

"o" class possession

Front 25

kūhoa

Back 25

speaker (inclusive)

Front 26

kūnā

Back 26

addressee

Front 27

kūlā

Back 27

3rd person

Front 28

kūnei

Back 28

speaker (exclusive)

Front 29

lauka

Back 29

object

Front 30

māka painu

Back 30

verb marker (ua, e...nei, e...ana, ke...nei, etc.)

Front 31

māka piko

Back 31

subject marker (ʻo)

Front 32

māka poʻo

Back 32

predicate marker (ʻo, he)

Front 33

memeʻa

Back 33

content word (hamani, hehele, ʻaʻano, kikino) NOT something like inahea, ahea, etc.

Front 34

nonoʻa

Back 34

n-possessive (no/na)

Front 35

painu

Back 35

verbal usage

Front 36

pepeke henua

Back 36

existential sentence (aia/eia) or locative sentence

Hint 36

Eia kekahi ʻikeoma, "Aia nō ia iā ʻoe."
Here is an idiom, "It's up to you."
Eia kā Keola ʻeke kālā ma ka papahele.
Here's Keola's wallet on the floor.
Aia koʻu hale ma uka iki aku o ke alaloa.
My house is slightly upland of the freeway.
Aia kaʻu kī iā Lilinoe. Lilinow has my key.
Eia kāu kī ma ʻaneʻi. Here are your keys.

Front 37

pepeke painu

Back 37

verbal sentence

Hint 37

Ua hele au i ka hale kūʻai i kēia kakahiaka.

Front 38

pepeke ʻaike "he"

Back 38

equational sentence with "he" as the predicate marker

Hint 38

He mokupuni ʻo Maui. Maui is an island.
He kāne ʻo Kimo. Kimo is a man.
He wahine au. I am a woman.

Front 39

pepeke ʻaike "ʻo"

Back 39

equational sentence with "ʻo" as the predicate marker.

Hint 39

ʻO wai kēlā wahine? Who is that woman?
ʻO Leilani kēlā. That's Leilani.
ʻO Mākaha koʻu one hānau. Mākaha is my birthplace (birth sands)
ʻO wai kou inoa? What is your name?

Front 40

piko

Back 40

subject

Front 41

poʻo

Back 41

predicate

Front 42

poʻolua

Back 42

double predicate

Front 43

ʻākena

Back 43

agent

Front 44

ʻami

Back 44

particle marking grammatical function

Front 45

ʻami henua

Back 45

locational phrase marker (i/ma)

Front 46

ʻami hoa

Back 46

preposition (me)

Front 47

ʻami kūmua

Back 47

preposition (mai)

Hint 47

Mai hea mai ʻoe? Where did you come from (just now, before this)

Front 48

ʻami lauka

Back 48

object marker (i/iā)

Hint 48

i ke kula, iā Kimo

Front 49

ʻami nonoʻa

Back 49

preposition (no/na)

Front 50

ʻami ʻākena ʻiae

Back 50

agentive marker (e)

Hint 50

Ua hāpai ʻia au e koʻu kupunawahine.
I was raised by my grandmother.

Front 51

ʻami ʻākena ʻaʻano

Back 51

causative marker "i"

Front 52

ʻawe

Back 52

phrase

Hint 52

Ua hele au i ke kula
Ua =māka painu
Ua hele = poʻo
au = piko
i ke kula = ʻawe

Front 53

ʻaʻano

Back 53

stative verb (e.g. pau)

Hint 53

Stative verbs are a result, a condition that has been reached: hauʻoli, kaumaha, moʻa, make, etc.

Front 54

ʻiae

Back 54

passive

Hint 54

Normally only hamani can be made passive, but there are exceptions, sometimes manāleo will make such ʻaʻano as make passive: make ʻia.