K-State Comps 2012 Counseling Theories Review

Front 1

Existential Theory: Key Propositions

Back 1

1) Capacity for self awareness
2) Freedom and responsity
3) Creating one's identity and establish meaningful relationship
4) Search for meaning, purpose, value, goals
5) Anxiety as a condition of living
6) Awareness of death and non-being

Front 2

Experience aloneness

Back 2

Existential: derive strength from ourselves, sense of isolation comes when we recognize that we

Front 3

Experience of relatedness

Back 3

Existential: want to be significant in another's world

Front 4

Existential Theory Goals

Back 4

1) support clients in confronting the anxieties that they have avoided
2) help them recognize they are not fully present in therapy
3) increase awareness

Front 5

Adlerian Theory: Human Nature

Back 5

-stressed choice and responsibility
-social relatedness rather than sexual urges
-hollistic, social, goal oriented, systemic, humanistic

Front 6

Adlerian: Goals

Back 6

1) Fostering social interests
2) Help clients overcome feelings of discourage inferiority
3) Change lifestyles
4) change faulty motivation

Front 7

Adlerian Therapeutic process

Back 7

1) Person to person contact
2) individual psychological
3) Encourage self understanding
4) Reorientation

Front 8

Adlerian tools

Back 8

-Acting as if: express if it were to be different
-Spitting in client's soup: express hidden agenda
-Push buttons: push the client's buttons to elicit positive or negative feelings
-Catching oneself: learn to notice they are performing behaviors they wish to change

Front 9

Psychoanalytic: Human Nature

Back 9

Freud
basic determinist: irrational forces, unconscious, motivations, and biological drives

Front 10

Id

Back 10

Psychoanalytic: pleasure principle, illogical, amoral, avoids pain, reduce tension

Front 11

Ego

Back 11

Psychoanalytic: reality principle, controls personality, medicates between instincts and environment, intelligence and rationality

Front 12

Superego

Back 12

Psychoanalytic moral code

Front 13

Psychoanalytic: Anxiety

Back 13

feeling of dread that results from repressed feeling

Front 14

Ego Defenses: Repression

Back 14

threatening/painful thoughts excluded from awareness

Front 15

Ego Defenses: Denial

Back 15

"closing one's eyes" to existence of reality

Front 16

Ego Defense: Reaction formation

Back 16

actively expressing the opposite impulse

Front 17

Ego Defense: Projection

Back 17

attributing to other's ones own unacceptable desires

Front 18

Ego Defense: Displacement

Back 18

directing energy toward another object

Front 19

Ego Defense: rationalization

Back 19

"Good" reasons to explain

Front 20

Ego defense: Sublimation

Back 20

diverting sexual energy into other channels

Front 21

Ego Defense: regression

Back 21

going back to an earlier stage in development

Front 22

Ego Defense: Introjection

Back 22

taking in the values and standard of others

Front 23

Ego Defense: compensation

Back 23

masking perceived weakness

Front 24

Ego Defense: Dissociation

Back 24

people mentally shut out an event

Front 25

Freud's stages

Back 25

1) Oral: inability to trust oneself or others
2) Anal: inability to recognize and express anger
3) Phallic: deals with the inability to fully accept one's sexuality
4) Genital stage: heterosexual interests

Front 26

Erikson's stages: Infant

Back 26

Trust vs Mistrust

Front 27

Erikson's stages: Early childhood

Back 27

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt: struggle between self reliance and sense of self doubt

Front 28

Erikson's stages: Preschool

Back 28

initiative vs guilt: competence and intiative

Front 29

Erikson's stages: school age

Back 29

Industry vs inferiority: expand understand of world, appropriate gender role identity

Front 30

Erikson's stage: Adolescence

Back 30

Identity vs role confusion: testing limits and establish new identity

Front 31

Erikson's stage: Young Adult

Back 31

Intimacy vs Isolation: intimate relationship

Front 32

Erikson's stage: Middle Adult

Back 32

Generativity vs stagnation: go beyond family and help next generation

Front 33

Erikson's stage: Later Life

Back 33

Integrity vs. despair: Look back on life

Front 34

Person- Center: Human Nature

Back 34

humans are trustworthy and positive, capable of self actualization, making changes, working towards self actualization

Front 35

Person-Centered: Therapeutic Goals

Back 35

1) Become better with coping with current and future problems
2) client become more realistic in self perception, more confident
3) harmony between client's self concept and their perceived self concepts

Front 36

Congruence

Back 36

Person-Centered: state in which self experiences are accurately symbolized in self-concept therapist: matching one's inner experiencing with external expression

Front 37

Person Centered: Therapeutic Conditions

Back 37

the relationship for change to occur: congruence, unconditional positive regard, accurate empathic understanding

Front 38

Person Centered Techniques

Back 38

active listening, empathic understanding, presence, reflection of feelings

Front 39

Gestalt Therapy:Primary Focus

Back 39

stresses the here and now awareness and integration of the fragmented parts of the personality

Front 40

Gestalt: Awareness

Back 40

The process of attending to and observing one's own sensing, thinking, feelings, and actions

Front 41

Gestalt: Confluence

Back 41

A problem where a sense of boundary between self and other is lost, no awareness

Front 42

Gestalt: Confrontation

Back 42

an invitation for the client to become aware of discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal expressions

Front 43

Gestalt: Deflection

Back 43

A way of avoiding contact and awareness by being vague d indirect

Front 44

Gestalt: Experiments

Back 44

Procedures aimed at encouraging spontaneity and inventiveness by bringing the possibilities for action directly into therapy session. Designed to enhance the here and now awareness

Front 45

Gestalt: Projection

Back 45

The process by which of disowning parts of ourselves by ascibing to the environment

Front 46

Gestalt: Counselor's Role

Back 46

-establish and maintain a therapeutic atmosphere that will foster a spirit of work
-allow themselves to be effected by their clients
-share their own present perceptions that they encounter with client in the here and now

Front 47

Gestalt: Client's Role

Back 47

-identify their own unfinished business from the past that is interfering with the present function

Front 48

Gestalt View of language

Back 48

non-verbal: represent feeling of which the client is unaware of
verbal: speech patterns are often an expression of their feelings, thoughts, attitudes

Front 49

Behavior Therapy: Classical Conditioning

Back 49

refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing
(Pavlov's dog)

Front 50

Behavior Therapy: Operant conditioning

Back 50

type of learning in which behavior are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them (positive and negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction)

Front 51

Behavior Therapy: Social learning

Back 51

triadic reciprocal interaction, among the environment, personal factors, and individual behavior

Front 52

Behavior Therapy: Cognitive

Back 52

interaction among affective, behavioral, and cognitive

Front 53

Behavior: ABC Method

Back 53

the model of behavior where the behavior (B) is influenced by some particular events that precede it, call antecendents (A) by certain events consequences (C)

Front 54

Behavioral: Positive Reinforcement

Back 54

the addition of something of value to the individual as a consequence of certain behavior (such as praise, attention, money, or food)

Front 55

Behavioral: Negative Reinforcement

Back 55

involves the escape from or the avoidance of unpleasant stimuli. The individual is motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to avoid unpleasant condition

Front 56

Behavioral: Positive Punishment

Back 56

aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency o a behavior (with holding a treat from a child for misbehavior)

Front 57

Behavioral: Negative Punishment

Back 57

reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior (such as deducting money from a worker's salary for missing time at work)

Front 58

Behavioral: systematic desensitization

Back 58

classical conditioning: imagine successively more anxiety arousing situations at the same time that they engage in a behavior that compete with anxiety

Front 59

Cognitive Behavior: General goals

Back 59

destination of clients minimizing their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors by acquiring a more realistic and workable philosophy in life

Front 60

Cognitive Behavior: Therapist Role

Back 60

help client differentiate between realistic and unrealistic goals and also self defeating and self enhancing goals. Teach clients how to change their dysfunctional emotions behaviors into healthy ones

Front 61

Cognitive Behavior: Steps in Therapy

Back 61

1) Show clients how they are incorporated irrational "should" "oughts"
2) demonstrate how clients are keeping their emotional disturbances active by continuing to think illogically unrealistically
3) help clients modify their thinking and minimize their irrational ideas
4) challenge clients to develop a rational philosophy of life

Front 62

Reality Therapy: General

Back 62

symptoms are result of choices we've made in our lives and emphasis on personal responsibility

Front 63

Reality Therapy: Basic psychological needs

Back 63

need for belonging, power, freedom, and fun, these are forces that drive humans and explain behavior

Front 64

Reality Therapy: Overall goal

Back 64

help clients get connect or reconnect with people they have chosen to put in their quality world
-help clients learn better ways of fulfilling all of their needs

Front 65

Reality Therapy: Therapist Role

Back 65

teach clients how to engage in self-evaluation, which is done by raising the question"'are your behaviors getting what you want and need?

Front 66

Reality Therapy: Client Role

Back 66

not expected to backtrack into the past or get sidetracked into talking about symptoms. Time is important as each session may be the last

Front 67

Reality Therapy: Steps

Back 67

1) create the counseling environment, 2) implementing specific procedures that lead to changes in behavior

Front 68

Postmodern Approach: Solution-oriented therapy: Question

Back 68

1) Miracle question
2) Exception question
3) scaling question

Front 69

Solution-focused: basic assumption

Back 69

1) people's complaint involve behavior that stems from their view of the world
2) problem itself may not be relevant to finding effective solutions
3) people can create their own solutions
4) small changes lead to large changes
5)client is the expert on their own life