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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the energy of food originally come from?
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sunlight
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___ percent of the sunlight energy is used for life processes.
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1
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Organisms that make their own food are called __________.
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autotrophs
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Name two ways autotrophs make their own food.
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1. chemosynthesis
2. photosynthesis |
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_______ are organisms that obtain energy from the food they eat.
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heterotrophs
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Name some autotrophs.
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algae, bacteria, plants
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Name some heterotrophs.
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fungi, protsis, decomposers, bacteria, and animals
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What is one of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store energy?
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ATP
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What does ATP stand for?
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adensine diphosphate
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The two pentagon shaped figures grouped together in an ATP are ____________.
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adenine
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The one center pentagon shaped figure in ATP is called ____________.
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ribose
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The three circle P's in ATP are called ___________.
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3 phosphate group
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The weakest bond in ATP is the __________. When broken, it makes ______________.
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third phosphate bond
ADP |
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When a cell has energy available, how can it store small amounts of that energy?
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by adding a phosphate group to a ADP molecule, forming ATP
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When the energy stored in ATP released?
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when chemical bonds between the second and third phosphate are broken
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For what purpose do the characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful to all types of cells?
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1. CAN NOT STORE easily
2. CAN release easily 3. weak third phosphate bond is easy to break |
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What are the three ways in which cells use the energy provided by ATP?
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1. carry out active transport
2. synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids 3. responses to chemical signals at the cell surface |
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Why is it efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand?
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because other substances, such as glucose, store more chemical energy and ATP is unstable
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Cells get teh energy to regenerate ATP from ___________.
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foods like glucose
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Energy is either stored in _______ or ____________.
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glucose
fat |
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What occurs in the process of photosynthesis?
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plats convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy chemical carbohydrates
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Sunlights are _________ waves.
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radiant
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What did Helmont conclude from his experiment?
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most of weight gained came from water during photosynthesis
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Priestly concluded that _________ was produced by a plant.
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oxygen
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What did Ingenhousz show?
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that light is necessary for plants to produce oxygen
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What is the formula for photosynthesis?
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6CO(2)+6H(2)O+sunlight <chlorophyll> C(6)H(12)O(6)+6O(2)
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What does photosynthesis do? In what?
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store energy
glucose |
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Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy __________.
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glucose
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What does photosyntehsis require, in addition to water and carbon dioxide?
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sunlight and chlorophyll
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What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?
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C(6)H(12)O(6)+6O(2)<>6CO(2)+6H(2)O+36 ATP
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Plants gather the sun's energy with light absorbing molecules called ____________.
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pigments
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What is the principal pigment of plants?
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chlorophyll
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Longer wavelength = ________
Shorter wavelength = ________ |
slower
faster |
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Chlorophyll absorbs _______ and __________ very well.
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blue-violet
red |
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Name the visible light spectrum in order.
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roy g biv
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What colors are not absorbed well by chlorophyll?
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green, yellow, orange
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Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called __________.
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thylakoids
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What is a granum?
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stacks of thylakoids
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The region outside the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts is called the ___________.
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stroma
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis called ?
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1. sunlight dependenet reaction
2. Calvin cycle reaction |
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What are the reactants of the light dependent reactions?
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sunlight and H(2)O
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What is the waste product of light dependent reactions?
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O(2)
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Were does the light dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle take place?
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mitochondria
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What is the reactant of the Calvin cycle?
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CO(2) carbon dioxide
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What are the products of the Calvin cycle?
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glucose and oxygen
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When sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, how do the electrons change?
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they gain a great deal of energy
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What is a carrier molecule?
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a compound that transfers electrons to another molecule
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Name two molecules involved in photosynthesis.
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NADP+
+ATP |
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How does NADP+ become NADPH?
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by gaining 2 high energy electrons along with a hydrogen atom
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Light dependent reactions convert ADP into _________.
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ATP
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Light dependent reactions produce __________.
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oxygen gas
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Light dependent reactions convert _________ into NADPH.
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NADP+
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Where do light dependent reactions take place?
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thylakoid membrane
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High energy electons move through the electron transport chain from photosystem ____ to photosystem ____.
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II
I |
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The difference in charges across the thylakoid membrane provides the energy to make _____.
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ATP
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How does ATP sythase produce ATP?
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ATP+phosphate
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What does the Calvin cycle use to produce high energy sugars?
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CO(2)
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Why are the reactions of the Calvin Cycle also called the light independent reactions?
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because they don't need sunlight
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Carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle from the ___________.
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atmosphere
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Energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADP are used to convert __________ molecules into higher energy forms.
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3-carbon
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When sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, how do the electrons change?
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they gain a great deal of energy
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What is a carrier molecule?
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a compound that transfers electrons to another molecule
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Name two molecules involved in photosynthesis.
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NADP+
+ATP |
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How does NADP+ become NADPH?
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by gaining 2 high energy electrons along with a hydrogen atom
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Light dependent reactions convert ADP into _________.
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ATP
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Light dependent reactions produce __________.
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oxygen gas
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Light dependent reactions convert _________ into NADPH.
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NADP+
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Where do light dependent reactions take place?
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thylakoid membrane
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High energy electons move through the electron transport chain from photosystem ____ to photosystem ____.
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II
I |
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The difference in charges across the thylakoid membrane provides the energy to make _____.
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ATP
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How does ATP sythase produce ATP?
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ATP+phosphate
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What does the Calvin cycle use to produce high energy sugars?
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CO(2)
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Why are the reactions of the Calvin Cycle also called the light independent reactions?
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because they don't need sunlight
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Carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle from the ___________.
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atmosphere
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Energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADP are used to convert __________ molecules into higher energy forms.
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3-carbon
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When sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, how do the electrons change?
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they gain a great deal of energy
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What is a carrier molecule?
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a compound that transfers electrons to another molecule
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Name two molecules involved in photosynthesis.
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NADP+
+ATP |
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How does NADP+ become NADPH?
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by gaining 2 high energy electrons along with a hydrogen atom
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Light dependent reactions convert ADP into _________.
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ATP
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Light dependent reactions produce __________.
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oxygen gas
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Light dependent reactions convert _________ into NADPH.
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NADP+
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Where do light dependent reactions take place?
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thylakoid membrane
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High energy electons move through the electron transport chain from photosystem ____ to photosystem ____.
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II
I |
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The difference in charges across the thylakoid membrane provides the energy to make _____.
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ATP
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How does ATP sythase produce ATP?
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ATP+phosphate
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What does the Calvin cycle use to produce high energy sugars?
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CO(2)
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Why are the reactions of the Calvin Cycle also called the light independent reactions?
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because they don't need sunlight
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Carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle from the ___________.
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atmosphere
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Energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADP are used to convert __________ molecules into higher energy forms.
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3-carbon
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The calvin cycle uses six molecules of carbon dioxide to produce ___________.
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glucose
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What are the three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
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1. light
2. temperature 3. water shortage |
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Increasing the intesisty of light ________ the rate of photosynthesis.
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increases
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What is a calorie?
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amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
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How many calories make up 1 Calorie?
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1000
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Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called _______.
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glycolysis
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Glycolysis releases ___ ATP.
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2
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What is cellular respiration?
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process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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6O(2)+C(6)H(12)O(6)<>6CO(2)6H(2)O+36 ATP
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Glucose's process in the cytoplasm that produces ATP is called ________.
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glycolysis
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Pyruvic acid goes into the ________ inside the mitochondrion to produce ATP.
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Krebs cycle
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Electrons carried in NADH go into the process of _________.
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ETC
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What would the problem be if cellular respiration took place in one place? (3)
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1. all energy would be released at one time
2. most of the energy would be lost 3. damage cell |
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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cytoplasm
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Where do the Krebs cycle and electron transport take place?
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mitochondrion
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What is glycolysis?
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the process in which one glucose is broken down into pyruvic acids
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how does the cell get glycolsys going?
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2 molecules of ATP are released
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If the cell used 2 ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolysis, how does it end up with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules?
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because 4 ATP molecules have been produced
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What is NAD+?
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an electron carrier
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What is the function of NAD+ in glycolysis?
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holds electrons until they can be transferred
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Why can glycolysis supply energy to cells when oxygen is not available?
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because it doesn't require energy
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Oxgyen present:
Not: |
cellular respiration
fermentation |
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What problem does a cell have when it generates large amounts of ATP from glycolysis?
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the NAD is already full
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What is fermentation?
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the release of energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
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How does fermentation allow glycolysis to continue?
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NADH is turned back into NAD+
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Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be _____________.
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anaerobic
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When too much oxygen is used, you must repay an __________.
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oxygen debt
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What are the two main types of fermentation?
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1. alcoholic fermentation
2. lactic acid fermentation |
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What organism uses alcoholic fermentation?
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yeast
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What happens to the small amount of alcohol produced in alcoholic fermentation during the baking of bread?
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it evaporates
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What does lactic acid fermentation convert into lactic acid?
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pyruvic acid
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During rapid exercise, how do your muscle cells produce ATP?
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lactic acid fermentation
cellular respiration |
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At the end of glycolysis, how much of the chemical energy is still unused?
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90%
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At the end of glycolysis, the broken pyruvic acid is sent to the _____________, located in the __________.
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Kreb cycle
mitochondria |
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Because the final stages of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are said to be ________.
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aerobic
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Name the two electron carriers.
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NADH and FADH(2)
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In the presence of oxygen, how is the pyruvic acid produced in glycolsis used?
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it is broken into carbon dioxide
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When is pyruvic acid broken into carbon dioxide?
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Kreb cycle
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What is the Kreb cycle also known as?
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citric acid cycle
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When does the Krebs cycle begin?
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when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria
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What happens to each of the 3 carbon atoms in pyruvic acid when it is broken down?
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1 atom- becomes part of molecule of carbon dioxide
2 atoms- join to coenzyme A |
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What happens to the carbon dioxide produced in breaking down pyruvic acid?
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it is released as waste
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How is citric acid produced?
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acetyl-CoA+2 carbon acetyl group+4 carbon molecule
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During the energy extraction part of the Krebs Cycle, how many molecules of CO(2) are released?
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6
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How many ATP does ETC make? glycolysis? cellular respiration?
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34
2 36 |
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When electrons join NAD+ and FAD during the Krebs cycle, what do they form?
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NADH, FADH(2)
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Why is the 4 carbon compound generated in the breakdown of citric acid the only permanent compound in the Krebs Cycle?
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because it must start and end with the same things
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When NAD+ and FAD move down the ETC, the are passed ________, to save energy. They become ________ and ___________ at the end of the chain. The final electron acceptor is __________.
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slowly
NADH FADH oxygen |
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Inside the outer membrane is the _________. Inside the inner membrane is the _________. MITOCHONDRIA---
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medulla
matrix |
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What is the electron transport chain?
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uses high energy electrons from Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP
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What does the electron transport chain use the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle for?
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to make ATP
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How does the location of the electron transport chain differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
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eukaryotes-inner membrane of mitochondria
prokaryotes-cell membrane |
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Where does the electron transport chain get the high energy electrons that are passed down the chain?
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NADH and FADH(2)
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What is the energy of the high energy electrons used for every time 2 high-energy electrons move down the electron transport chain?
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ATP
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What causes the H+ ions in the in the intermembrane space to move through the channels in the membrane and out into the matrix?
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diffusion
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On average, how many ATP molecules are produced as each pair of high-energy electrons moves down the ETC?
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3
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What two purposes does ATP synthase serve?
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1. a transport protein
2. enzyme |
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High energy electrons from NADH and FADH(2) are passed to and along the __________.
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ETC
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The energy from the electrons moving down the chain is used to move H+ions across the _____________.
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inner membrane of the mitochondria
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H+ ions build up in the ____________ space, making it ____________ charged and making the matrix negatively charged.
This is called _____________. |
intermembrane
positively electrochemical gradient |
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H+ ions move through channels of _______________ in the inner membrane.
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ATP synthase
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The ATP synthase uses the energy from the moving ions to combine ADP and phosphate, forming high energy __________.
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ATP
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How many ATP molecules are formed during cellular respiration?
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36
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Why is more ATP generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen?
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because it can extract from each glucose molecule efficiently
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What happens to the energy of glucose that is not used to make ATP molecules?
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released as heat
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What are the final waste products of cellular respirations?
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water and carbon dioxide
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What are three sources of ATP a human body uses at the beginning of a race?
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1. already stored
2. carbohydrates 3. sugar from liver (next-fat) |
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When quick energy is needed, what source supplies ATP?
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lactic acid fermentation
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Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?
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because they used all the oxygen already
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A runner needs more energy for a longer race, which they generate from __________.
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cellular respiration
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How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of carbon dioxide?
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photo-reactant
cell-product |
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How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposite in terms of oxygen?
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photo-product
cell-reactant |
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What is the most effective process on earth?
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cellular respiration
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Name the steps of cellular respiration.
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glycolysis
Krebs cycle ETC |
