K Biology Ch 10 Cell Growth, Division And The Cell Cycle

Front 1

What is the name for copying DNA?

Back 1

DNA replication

Front 2

What are two reasons why cells divide rather than continue to grow indefinitely?

Back 2

1. more demands the larger it becomes
2. more trouble moving nutrients and waste (diffusion)

Front 3

What must be preserved during cell growth?

Back 3

the surface area to volume ratio
(surface area-maintain larger)
(volume-maintain smaller)

Front 4

What process might become difficult if a cell grows too large?

Back 4

diffusion

Front 5

A cell makes copies of its DNA only when the cell _________.

Back 5

divides

Front 6

What (3) determines the rate at which food and oxygen in a cell are used up and waste products removed?

Back 6

1. the cell's organelles
2. the cell's volume
3. the cell's location

Front 7

How can you obtain a cell's ratio of surface area to volume?

Back 7

divide surface area by volume

Front 8

If a cell's surface area is 6 cm and its volume 1 cm, what is the ratio of surface area to volume?

Back 8

6:1

Front 9

As a cell grows in size, its ___________ increases much more rapidly than its __________.

Back 9

volume
surface area

Front 10

What happens in the surface:volume ratio if volume increases more rapidly than surface area?

Back 10

the ratio decreases

Front 11

What is cell division?

Back 11

the process of a cell dividing into two new daughter cells

Front 12

How does cell division solve the problem of increasing size?

Back 12

It reduces the volume of the cell, spliting it in half. It preserves, therefore, the surface area to volume ratio.

Front 13

Before cell division, DNA is packed tightly to prevent:
1.
2.

Back 13

1. losing materials and DNA
2. damage

Front 14

Which of these:
chromatid, chromatin, or chromosomes?
DNA that is found only in cell division that is joined to specfic sister chromosomes.

Back 14

chromatid

Front 15

Which of these:
chromatid, chromatin, or chromosomes?
DNA usually found mainly in the cell

Back 15

chromatin

Front 16

Which of these:
chromatid, chromatin, or chromosomes?
DNA found in cell division that is tightly wound from chromatin.

Back 16

chromosomes

Front 17

What is another name for cell division?

Back 17

M phase

Front 18

In eukaryotic cells, what are the two main stages of cell division?

Back 18

mitosis and cytokinesis

Front 19

When chromosomes become visible at the beginning of cell division, what does each chromosome consist of?

Back 19

DNA, wrapped around protein

Front 20

Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the ____________.

Back 20

centromere

Front 21

The period of growth in between cell divisions is called ___________.

Back 21

interphase

Front 22

What is the cell cycle?

Back 22

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

Front 23

Sister chromatids are _________.

Back 23

identical

Front 24

What does G1 stand for? S? G2? M?

Back 24

1st growth
synthesis
2nd growth
mitosis

Front 25

The S phase is the only time of ____________ and therefore it synthesizes ________.

Back 25

DNA replication
DNA

Front 26

During the ______ phase of the cell cycle, the cell grows and everything cells need is doubled.

Back 26

G1

Front 27

During the ____ phase of the cell cycle, DNA replication takes place.

Back 27

S

Front 28

During the _____ phase of the cell cycle, more organelles, etc. are made if needed; acts as "check off period".

Back 28

G2

Front 29

The division of the cell nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle is caled _________.

Back 29

mitosis

Front 30

Interphase is divided into what three phases?

Back 30

G1, S, G2

Front 31

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Back 31

cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles

Front 32

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Back 32

DNA replication

Front 33

What happens during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

Back 33

prepare for mitosis by adding more organelles, etc. and checking off doubled parts.

Front 34

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Back 34

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 35

What are the two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope at the beginning of prophase?

Back 35

centrioles

Front 36

What are centrioles made of?

Back 36

microtubules

Front 37

What is the spindle?

Back 37

a fanlike microtuble/microfilament structure that separates the chromosomes

Front 38

Which event is this (mitosis)? The chromosomes move until they form two groups near the poles of the spindle.

Back 38

anaphase

Front 39

Which event is this (mitosis)? The chromosomes become visible. The centrioles take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus.

Back 39

prophase

Front 40

What phase is this (mitosis)? A nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromosomes. The nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.

Back 40

telophase

Front 41

Which phase is this (mitosis)? The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Back 41

metaphase

Front 42

What is the center of the cell where the chromosomes line up>?

Back 42

equator
metaphase plate

Front 43

What is cytokinesis?

Back 43

the end of telophase, the division of cytoplasm

Front 44

How does cytokinesis occur in most animal cells?

Back 44

it is drawn inward and pinched into two nearly equal parts

Front 45

What forms midway between the divided nucleus during cytokinesis in plant cells? What does this later form?

Back 45

a cell plate
new cell wall

Front 46

What happens to cells at the edges of an injury when a cut in the skin or a break in a bone occurs?

Back 46

cells are stimulated to divide rapidly

Front 47

What cell can be made into any other cell?

Back 47

stem cells

Front 48

When cells are stimulated rapidly, they ____________.

Back 48

prevent against affection

Front 49

What happens to the rapidly dividing cells when the healing process near completion?

Back 49

the rate of cell division slows

Front 50

When cells come touch one another and tell one another not to divide, they are performing ________________.

Back 50

contact inhibition

Front 51

What do cyclins regulate?

Back 51

the cell cycle

Front 52

Cyclins regulate the cell cycle by preserving __________ and making sure that each stage is completely finished before ____________.

Back 52

order
the next one begins

Front 53

What are internal regulators?

Back 53

proteins that respond to events inside the cell

Front 54

________ regulators direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle.

Back 54

external

Front 55

________ regulators prevent the cell from entering anaphase until all its chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle.

Back 55

internal

Front 56

_________ regulators include growth factors.

Back 56

external

Front 57

____________ regulators prevent excessive cell growth and keep the tissue of the body from disrupting one another.

Back 57

external

Front 58

What is cancer?

Back 58

a disorder that prohibits cells from controlling growth.

Front 59

All cancers ______________.

Back 59

divide uncontrollably

Front 60

Cancer means that the process of ___________ is no longer controlled.

Back 60

cell division

Front 61

Cancer cells don't respond to signals that regulate ____________.

Back 61

cell division

Front 62

Cancer cells form masses of cells called ____________.

Back 62

tumors

Front 63

Cancer cells break loose and spread throughout the ________.

Back 63

body

Front 64

Cancer is a disease of the ____________.

Back 64

cell cycle

Front 65

begins after the chromosomal movement stops.
The identical sets of chromosomes - which are by this stage at opposite poles of the cell, uncoil and revert to the long, thin, thread-like chromatin form.
A new nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass.
Nucleoli appear.
Eventually the miotic spindle breaks-up.

Back 65

telophase

Front 66

The centromeres split seperating the two members of each chromatid pair - which then move to the opposite poles of the cell: When they are seperated the chromatids are called chromosomes.
* As the chromosomes are pulled by the the microtubules during _______, they appear to be "V"-shaped because the centromeres lead the way, dragging the trailing arms of the chromosomes towards the pole/s.

Back 66

anaphase

Front 67

characterized by the "__________ plate". This is a mid-point region within the cell that is formed/defined by the centromeres of the chromatid pairs aligning along the microtubules at the centre of the miotic spindle.

Back 67

metaphase

Front 68

* Early in the stage the chromatin fibres shorten into chromosomes that are visible under a light microscope. (Each chromosome consists of a pair of identical double-stranded chromatids.)
* Later in ______, the nucleolus disappears, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the two centrosomes begin to form the miotic spindle (which is an assembly of microtubules).
* As the microtubules extend in length between the centrosomes, the centrosomes are pushed to opposite "poles" (extremes) of the cell.
* Eventually, the spindle extends between two opposite poles of the cell.

Back 68

prophase