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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Colonial Years
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The playing of “games” native to homeland
•Heavy on the English influence •The foundation of Puritanism -“The ultimate truth is in the Bible..” •The foundation of American society in religion and education (reading, writing, arithmetic…) •Zero emphasis on health or physical education -no value (“Blue Law”) “…any innocent or frivolous amusement was a waste of time and talents…” (World History of Physical Education as cited in Wagner) •IRONY/Paradox -physical movement was part of daily life “…Thus physical education could not survive unless it was devoted to economic goals…” |
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Puritan Attitudes Towards Physical Recreation in the 17thCentury New England(Wagner)
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•“The early colonist was too occupied with the serious business of establishing himself and his family in an alien and in hospitable country to find time for recreations he once enjoyed in the mother country. Pleasures and recreations were banned, even sports…which were commended in the Bible were ignored.”
•“…an ascetic puritanism taught that pleasure was an offense in the sight of the Lord.” (Hackensmith, 1966) |
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Puritan Attitudes….
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•“The Puritan, who held the concept of work and piety were synonymous, denounced any form of play as evil. Whatever was pleasurable had to be sinful.”
•“The supremacy of the Bible was unquestioned…” |
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EARLY PIONEERS IN PHYSICAL TRAINING
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Benjamin Franklin -1749 -Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth -a strenuous program of physical activity
•Noah Webster -1790 -An Address to Young Gentlemen –“…participation in organized physical activity will strengthen the growing body.” |
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WAR AND PHYSICAL TRAINING
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The French Revolution: The on-set of “Nationalism = national unity and patriotism
•Equality -“…sweeping away with classes…” •Battle of Jena 1806 -France and Prussia (Germany) –Historical battle for the development of physical education |
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The Cultural Context of the Times:
Middle to late 19th cent. |
1.Decline in religious opposition
–Fall of Puritanism -the values, principles and beliefs of “their society” –Rise of “Muscular Christianity” exercise was “compatible” with Christian ideals) 2.Increased immigration (20 million from 1870 -1900) –Brought new ideas and attitudes 3. Improvement in transportation and communication (Westward expansion -by 1880 -93,000 miles of rail) 4. Industrialization (Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Rockefeller…) –Produced wealth 5. Education (Free) –Morrill Land Grant Act –created access to university education “free” education –State colleges of today 6. Increased intellectual climate –Beginning of modern science |
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The Battle of the Systems:
Different systems |
German, Swedish, Beecher, Dio Lewis, Hitchcock, Sargent.
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The Battle of the Systems
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Most imported from Europe (1825)
•Formal approaches to exercise (Gymnastics) –Movements done in unison •Dominant psychological theory = faculty psychology –Mind could be trained by precise, repetitive practice •Early European-oriented systems gave rise to American systems –battled for dominance |
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The German System
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Influenced by GusMuths–“…body and intellect had an influence on each other…”
–“…the senses had to be schooled so as to train the intelligence…” –“The grandfather of physical education” •Developed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn •Battle of Jena –1806 (Napoleon) •Political unification of Germany-a free and united Germany –Prussia was German state that did not “collaborate” with Confederation –Think Brave Heart… •The development of the German League –Program of physical education –Spiritual “renewal” in German universities |
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The German System continued...
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Designed to take advantage of “outdoor areas”
•Turnen–“to perform gymnastic exercises or a gymnastics program •“Turnplatz” = Exercise grounds (“democratic form of the Palaestra.” •Turnvereins = social, gymnastics, and sports club •Turnvereins developed and helped spread the system via government funding •War of Liberation –1812/13 –Formation of Gymnastics Association –LutzowFree Corps –The defeat of France –Turner naturalistic pride |
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The German System:
historical dates |
1815 –1818 –political unrest due to former positive French reform –other German states becoming unified versus “German Turner Unification”
Formation of Nationalist Gymnasts and The Patriotic Students –student violence (liberal movement) The Carlsbad Decrees -Metternich –Chancellor of Austria – “…allowed authorities to investigate universitiesandimpose political censorship…” Divided Germany into 39 states (German Confederation) which placed Germany unification on hold for 30 years….. 1818 –Jahnwas arrested 1819 –governementbanned gymnastics in Turner societies 1820 –all gymnastics were banned 1849 -Jahn’sideas of physical training were revived Adolph Spiess-incorporation of gymnastics into school curriculum |
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Jahn's influence:
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Charles Beck, Charles Follen, and Francis Leiber brought the system to America.
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Charles Beck:
Political Refugee 1798-1866 |
Recognized as the 1stPE teacher in the US
–1825 –Developed program at Round Hill School, MA –“…Food, sleep and exercise must be regulated…” –Classes began at 5:30am |
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Charles Follen:
Political Refugee |
Along with Jahn, desired a unified Germany
•To gain “freedom” any means was justified •The Giessen “Blacks” –secret society to keep political interest –“…direct the emancipation of the enslaved peoples…” •Development of physical power -1816 gymnastic society was formed |
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Francis Leiber:
Political refugee |
Also at Harvard
–Opened the 1stpublic swimming pool in Boston in 1827 –Follen’s successor at the Boston Gymnasium |
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The "Turners"
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Jahn, Follen, Beck, Lieber
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Advancement of the German System
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•Initially, German system flourished despite social and cultural differences..
•For unexplained reason, slowly died until 1848 (Large influx of German immigrants) –Expansion of the turnvereins •1860 -150 turnvereins •1890 -300 turnvereins –40,000+ members |
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European Systems:
The SWEDISH System |
Originally developed by Per Henrik Ling
•Defeat by Russia led to Nationalism •Swedish gymnastics was about: education values, military, and medicine •Medical Gymnastics -“therapueutic effect of physical activity.” –Active exercises –Passive exercises •Like modern day Physical Therapy |
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Ling
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•Influences were German and Danish (Nachtegall)
•Used fencing and gymnastics to promote physical activity (found fencing had a therapeutic effect on his arthritic arm) •Received extensive government funding in the name of national defense –based on defeat by Napoleanand Russia •Appointed head of Royal Gymnastics Central Institute –Physical exercise must be based on the laws of the human system and influence not only the body but also the mind •Incorporated (1) aesthetic (2) military (3) pedagogical (4) medical aspects of exercise |
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American Systems:
The BEECHER system |
Founded by Catherine Beecher
–Director of the Hartford Seminary for Girls –Founded the Western Female Institute •Developed as a less strenuous system of gymnastics –Less strenuous than men’s systems (WHY?) –Based on prevailing views about women •4 womanly virtues –Piety, Purity, Submissiveness, and Domesticity –First “Aerobics” instructor (movement to music) |
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American Systems:
The BEECHER system continued.... |
•Curriculum -A true “academic” approach
–Physiology –26 lessons –Calisthenics –2 courses •Designed to promote grace, good posture, and sound health –Other female appropriate activities –archery, swimming, horseback riding •Not widely accepted –conflicted w/ ideas re: femininity |
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American Systems:
The DIO LEWIS system |
Heavely influenced by the Beecher and Ling Systems
•His opposition to German system gave him fame •Light gymnastics –No heavy equipment •Wands, rings, bean bags, and music •Social games and dance |
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American Systems:
The DIO LEWIS system continued... |
Suitable for men, women, and children
•Founded the Boston Normal Institute for PE –1stattempt to educate teachers in PE in US •Published 1stAmerican PE journal –Gymnastics Monthly and Journal of Physical Culture •What war ended Lewis system and why? |
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American Systems:
The HITCHCOCK system |
1sttruly American program –1concern was health and physical development of American youths “…too correct the poor state of health and physical development of students.”
•This appeal gave rise to laws of health and required physical exercise for all students •Influenced by the Civil War requirements –Marching –Unison calisthenics •Utilized heavy equipment •Pioneer in field of Anthropometrics –Measuring the body’s development •Established baselines and compared individuals over time to establish progress |
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American Systems:
The SARGENT system |
Dudley Sargent, M.D.
–Background in gymnastics –Professor at Harvard •Compilation of all of the best known systems + his own experience and ingenuity •Medical (examinations) and anthropometric testing prescription based exercise program |
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The SARGENT system continued...
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Developed specialized machines
•Developed the SargentSchool of PE –Still exists today SargentCollege of Boston University •Early leader in PE –emphasis on scientific approach was fundamental in direction of emerging field |
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What was needed?
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Have effective systems in place….
•Have $$$ support from colleges… •Gaining interest…. •Seeing the benefits…. |
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The Adelphi Conference 1885 “The Beginning of the PE Profession”
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Dr. William G. Anderson –Founder and Secretary
•Dr. Edward Hitchcock –1stPresident •Dr. Dudley Sargent –Vice-president •Other college teachers, seminary teachers, M.D.s, business people, and 6 women physical training instructors –total = 60 •The only representatives that were absent were? |
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The Adelphi Conference 1885 contintued...
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Development of the Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (AAPE)
•Before this time aphysical training instructorwas someone with some experience in gymnastics and some knowledge of medicine. •Much like that of today’s Exercise Physiologist •Later became the AAAPE = APEA |
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The Turn of the Century
“The NEW Physical Education” |
PE was recognized by the National Education Association as an academic field of study (1891)
•Transition from the medical to the educational approach as well as a MAJOR shift from “military” type exercises (Muscular education only) •European systems designed for adults –education seen as development •Institutionalization of sport –College and professional levels |
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The BostonConference 1889
The American Approach |
•Conference designed to discuss all systems
•Harris -a “comprehension” of entire physical education, not one system •Sargent-“…What American most needs is the happy combination which the Europeannations are trying to effect: the strength-giving qualities of the German gymnasium, the active and energetic properties of the English sports, the grace and andsuppleness acquired from French calisthenics, and the beautiful poise and mechanical precision of the Swedish free movements, all regulated, systematized, and adapted to our peculiar needs and institutions…” |
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Goal of the Boston Conference
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•“...To see if an agreement could be reached on the type of physical -education program that would meet the needs and interests of the American people…”
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The "ending of the battle of the systems"
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•De-emphasis on pure “muscular development”
•The introduction of collegiate sports -“faculty control” •State legislation in physical education -politicians and educators began to see “value” in physical education •Began to see laws passed that emphasize increase in “health and vigor of mind and body…” •Which state was the first to take legislative action? |
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The Turn of the Century
"The NEW Physical Education" |
4 major leaders
•Wood –PE should have broad goals and contribute to a complete education •Hetherington –became supervisor for PE for state of CA •Cassidy –pioneer thinker in field of human movement •Gulick –director of YMCA training school at Springfield |
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The "NEW" P.E.
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•“Egalitarian” society (“free” education)
•European philosophical movement -“…seeing children as children.” •Progressive Education Movement -education as development |
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"NEW" PE continued
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1893 -Merging of AAPE and NEA (National Education Association -but not “completely entering”)
•Significance -First time PE was seen as: –Legitimate subject matter (all fields) –Diminished role of “gymnastics” •PE with “other” disciplines –Psychology (development -“stage” theory) –“Play was in, formalism out.” |
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Wood's Philosophy 1893
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•“…The science of physical education should take the place of the so-called systems of physical training…”
•“…What is physical education…The training and development of the physical…” •“…but the relation of physical training to complete education and the effort to make the physical contribute its full share to the life of the individual , in environment, training and culture…” •Hence, PE is education through physical |
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Hetherington 1910
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•OBJECTIVES:
•1. Organic (Fitness) •2. Psychomotor (Skill) •3. Character (Social Development) •4. Intellectual (MentalDevelopment) |
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...And then what happened...
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1917 -WWI
•BACK TO THE “OLD” FROM A “PHYSICAL” STANDPOINT •MORE OF THE SPORT AND RECREATION ACTIVITIES •AND WHAT (OF THE MAJORITY) DO YOU THINK HAPPENED TO THE “NEW” PE? |
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Post WW One
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•Is PE an education of the physical?
•Is PE an education through the physical? •Education through the physical became the modern interpretation of Wood’s earlier view |
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Luther College (Iowa)
sample curriculum |
The major programs in the department The major in physical education was offered for the first time in l933-34. The major consisted of 24 semester hours in the department, plus two Biology courses and two Education courses. The courses available in the department, and the class hours per week are indicated below:
–http://hpe.luther.edu/history/index.html |
