Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Exam 3 Ch9

Front 1

*** – process in which neural plate forms neural tube

Back 1

Neurulation

Front 2

*** – embryo undergoing neurulation

Back 2

Neurula

Front 3

*** *** forms brain and spinal cord

Back 3

Neural tube

Front 4

Neurulation – process in which *** *** forms neural tube

Back 4

neural plate

Front 5

The fourth germ layer is known as the *** ***.

Back 5

neural crest

Front 6

Neural tissue is derived from the ***

Back 6

ectoderm

Front 7

Three major derivatives of the ectoderm germ layer
1)
2)
3)

Back 7

1) outer ectoderm
2) neural crest
3) neural tube

Front 8

--- Neural Tube ---
Rudiment to CNS
Developed via ***
Embryonic stage is called ***

Back 8

neurulation
neurula

Front 9

Ways to form a neural tube....

Back 9

Primary neurulation
Secondary neurulation

Front 10

*** neurulation - derived from solid cord that hollows out.

Back 10

Secondary

Front 11

--- Neurulation ---
Fish use....

Back 11

Secondary neurulation

Front 12

--- Neurulation ---
Birds...
1) Anterior portion uses...
2) Caudal and somite uses...

Back 12

1) Primary neurulation
2) Secondary neurulation

Front 13

--- Neurulation ---
Amphibians(tadpoles)
1) Main body uses...
2) Tail neural tube uses...

Back 13

1) Primary neurulation
2) Secondary neurulation

Front 14

--- Primary Neurulation Derivatives ---
Layer 1/3 --- Epidermis
1) *** over neural ***

Back 14

1) skin --- tube

Front 15

--- Primary Neurulation Derivatives ---
Layer 3/3 --- Internal neural tube
1) ***
2) ***

Back 15

1) brain
2) spinal cord

Front 16

--- Primary Neurulation ---
1) Similar in amphibians, ***, *** and mammals
2) *** end forms first

Back 16

1) reptiles --- birds
2) Anterior

Front 17

Neural tube formation 'does/does not' occur simultaneously.

Back 17

does not

Front 18

!!!--- Neurulation ---
1) In both *** and ***,
Gastrulation still occurring in the tail region while
neurulation in head region is well a advanced.

Back 18

1) Birds --- Mammals

Front 19

--- Human Neural Tube Formation ---
1) Tube *** - Initiated at several places.
2) Failure caused by # genes and # environmental factors.

Back 19

1) closure
2) 3 --- 2

Front 20

--- Human Neural Tube Formation ---
Genes for Tube Closure
1) ***
2) *** ***
3) ***

Back 20

1) Pax3
2) Sonic Hedgehog
3) Openbrain

Front 21

--- Human Neurulation Disease ---
1) *** *** - failure to close at posterior end. Severity
2) dependent on degree of tube n*** c***

Back 21

1) Spinal bifida
2) not closed

Front 22

--- Human Neurulation Disease ---
1) *** – failure to close anterior end.
2) Forebrain remains in contact with *** *** and degenerates.
3) Additionally, the *** fails to form.

Back 22

1) Anencephaly
2) amniotic fluids
3) skull

Front 23

--- Human Neurulation Disease ---
1) Detected with use of physical and *** tests during pregnancy.
2) 1 in # births.
3) --% are prevented by supplements of *** ***.

Back 23

1) chemical
2) 1000
3) 50% --- folic acid

Front 24

--- Human Neurulation Disease ---
1) Spinal bifida: failure to close at *** end.
2) Anencephaly: failure to close at *** end.

Back 24

1) posterior
2) anterior

Front 25

--- Neurulation ---
First indication that ectoderm is destined to become neural tissue is *** in cell ***.

Back 25

change --- shape

Front 26

--- Neurulation ---
First indication - Changes in Cell Shape
1) *** in midline
2) *** in epidermis

Back 26

1) Elongation
2) Flattening

Front 27

--- Neurulation ---
Neurulation occurs differently in head/trunk/tail and
1) consists of # distinct overlapping stages
2) Depends on *** of notochord w/overlying ectoderm.

Back 27

1) 5 --- overlapping
2) relationship

Front 28

--- Neurulation ---
Action at 5 Steps
1) ***
2) ***
3) ***
4) ***
5) ***

Back 28

1) Formation
2) Formation
3) Shaping
4) Bending
5) Closure

Front 29

--- Neurulation ---
Tissues at 5 Steps
1) Formation of ***
2) Formation of ***
3) Shaping of ***
4) Bending of *** forming ***
5) Closure of *** forming ***

Back 29

Formation of Neural Floor
Formation of Neural Floor Plate Cells
Shaping of Neural Plate
Bending of Neural Plate forming Neural Groove
Closure of Neural Groove to form Neural Tube

Front 30

--- Neural Plate Hinge Points ---
1) Median --- anchored to ***
2) Dorsolateral ---- anchored to ***

Back 30

1) notochord
2) ectoderm

Front 31

--- Neural Plate Shaping/Bending ---
1) # forces make sure
2) neural *** forms inside embryo... not externally.

Back 31

1) 2
2) tube

Front 32

--- Neural Tube Closure ---
1) Neural folds brought together at *** m***.
2) Closure caused by merging/adhering of ***.

Back 32

1) dorsal midline
2) folds

Front 33

--- Neural Tube Closure ---
In some species, cells at junction form neural *** cells which later disperse.

Back 33

crest

Front 34

!!!--- Neural Crest Cells ---
1) Disperse because they have neither *** or ***.

Back 34

1) N or E-cadherin

Front 35

--- ***(location) Spine Malformation ---
1) Knowledge of *** *** mechanisms may help in treatment.

Back 35

Posterior
1) Secondary Neurulation

Front 36

1) The medullary cord is used during *** type neurulation...
2) and must be *** out after its formation.

Back 36

1) secondary
2) hollowed

Front 37

--- Brain Region Formation ---
1) Due to an i*** in c*** size
2) and not tissue g***.

Back 37

1) increase --- cavity
2) growth

Front 38

--- Brain Region Formation ---
Peroidic *** occurs causing the separation of developmental territories.

Back 38

swelling

Front 39

--- Brain Region Formation ---
Shaping due to...
1) Secretion of c*** f***
2) Regional cell p***
3) Cell a***

Back 39

1) cerebrospinal fluid
2) proliferation
3) adhesion

Front 40

--- Brain Region Formation ---
1) Ventricles filled though osmosis by ***/*** ATPase.

Back 40

1) Na+/K+

Front 41

--- Primary Vesicles ---
1) Forebrain...
2) Midbrain...
3) Hindbrain...

Back 41

1) Pros encephalon
2) Mes encephalon
3) Rhomb encephalon

Front 42

Forebrain
1) Pros encephalon differentiates into....

Back 42

Tel - encephalon
Di - encephalon

Front 43

Midbrain
1) Mes encephalon differentiates into....

Back 43

ITSELF
Mes - encephalon

Front 44

Hindbrain
1) Rhomb encephalon differentiates into....

Back 44

Met- encephalon
Myel - encephalon

Front 45

--- Secondary Vesicles ---
1) Front
2)
3)
4)
5) Back

Back 45

1) Tel - encephalon
2) Di - encephalon
3) Mes - encephalon
4) Met- encephalon
5) Myel - encephalon

Front 46

--- Secondary Vesicles FUNCTIONS ---
1) Tel - encephalon
2) Di - encephalon
3) Mes - encephalon
4) Met- encephalon
5) Myel - encephalon

Back 46

1) Tel - Memory
2) Di - Vision
3) Mes - Habituation
4) Met - Muscle movement
5) Myel - Respiration

Front 47

1) ***encephalon divides into small compartments.
2) Cells mix *** in each compartment
3) but not *** compartments.

Back 47

1) Rhomb
2) freely
3) between

Front 48

Rhombomeres 2, 4, and 6
1) Distinguished by high *** d***
3) in *** development.

Back 48

1) density
2) axons
3) early

Front 49

1) Each rhombomere will from a ***.
2) which is a cluster of neural cell bodies whose *** form a nerve.

Back 49

1) ganglia
2) axons

Front 50

***: Cluster of neural cell bodies whose axons form a nerve.

Back 50

Ganglia

Front 51

--- Brain Region Formation ---
Occlusion of neural tube
1) between p*** brain and *** ***.
2) After enlargement of brain *** it reopens.

Back 51

1) presumptive --- spinal cord.
2) ventricles

Front 52

Neural tube is polarized along the ***-*** axis.

Back 52

Dorsal-Ventral

Front 53

--- Neural Tube Axis ---
1) Dorsal region – *** neurons.
2) Ventral region – *** neurons.
3) Interneurons r*** between regions.

Back 53

1) Sensory
2) Motor
3) relay

Front 54

SHH??

Back 54

sonic hedgehog

Front 55

--- Neural Tube Axis Specification ---
1) Different levels of SHH causes expression of different *** ***.

Back 55

1) transcription factors.

Front 56

--- SHH Concentration Gradient ---
1) Highest forms *** ***
2) Mid forms *** ***
3) Low forms *** ***
4) Lowest forms *** ***

Back 56

1) V3 neurons
2) Motor Neurons
3) V2 Neurons
4) V1 Neurons

Front 57

--- CNS Tissue Architecture ---
1) Neurons of the brain cortex are organized into cell ***.
2) During development number of cells undergoing division ***.

Back 57

1) layers
2) decreases

Front 58

1) The *** division of neuron/glial cell is called its birthday.
2) Early bday - *** distance
3) Late bdays - superficial layers of *** (*** matter)

Back 58

1) last
2) short
3) cortex --- white

Front 59

--- Cortical Neurons of Monkey Cerebral Cortex ---
1) Studied with __-***ine
2) # layers and # horizontal layers
3) No *** or *** of cells.

Back 59

1) 3H --- thymidine
2) 6 --- 40+
3) clonal --- mixing

Front 60

--- Cortical Neurons of Monkey Cerebral Cortex ---
1) 6 layers w/different f*** properties,
2) types of n***
3) and set of c***

Back 60

1) functional
2) neurons
3) connections

Front 61

--- Cortical Neurons of Monkey Cerebral Cortex ---
1) 40+ horizontal layers regulate a***
2) and f*** distinct processes

Back 61

1) anatomical
2) functional

Front 62

--- Adult Neural Stem Cells ---
1) Recently believed new neurons *** be made.
2) *** *** can increase number of new neurons.

Back 62

1) couldn't
2) Environmental stimulation

Front 63

1) Human brain has over # neurons and # glial cells.
2) Average neuron connected to # neurons and # synapses.

Back 63

1) 10^11 --- 10^12
2) 10,000 --- 100,000

Front 64

1) G*** *** is the site of axon outgrowth.
2) Axon can be several *** in length.

Back 64

1) Growth cone
2) feet

Front 65

1) Axon feels its way through environment using filipodia called *** which
2) has microfiliments oriented *** to long axis of axon

Back 65

1) microspikes
2) parallel

Front 66

***s have microspikes that are used to feel way through environment.

Back 66

Axon

Front 67

1) Neural impulse starts in *** and
2) travels to *** where it is focused into ***.

Back 67

1) dendrite
2) soma --- axon

Front 68

1) *** - Insulated by glial oligodendrocytes.
2) *** - Insulated by glial Schwann cells.
3) Both produce *** ***.

Back 68

1) CNS
2) PNS
3) myelin sheath

Front 69

1) CNS - Insulated by ***.
2) PNS - Insulated by *** cells.
3) Both types are classified as *** cells
4) which produce *** ***.

Back 69

1) oligodendrocytes
2) Schwann
3) glial
4) myelin sheath

Front 70

1) *** of axon insulation Is associated with
2) convulsion, ***, and severely debilitating afflictions.

Back 70

1) Demyelination
2) paralysis

Front 71

Head sensory organs develop from interactions between *** *** and cranial e*** p***.

Back 71

neural tube
ectodermal placodes

Front 72

Lens placodes – ***(movement) to form lens of eye.

Back 72

invaginate

Front 73

*** placodes are the most anterior.

Back 73

Olfactory

Front 74

--- Eye Development ---
Optic vesicle becomes
1) two walled structure called *** ***
2) consisting of a *** and *** layer

Back 74

1) optic cup
2) outer --- inner

Front 75

--- Eye Development ---
-Optic Cup-
Outer layer - *** ***
Inner layer - ***

Back 75

1) pigmented retina
2) photoreceptors

Front 76

--- Lens/Corea Differentation ---
1) Ectoderm forms transparent *** which produces
2) the protein ***. This protein fills up the
3) cell and causes e*** of nucleus.

Back 76

1) cornea
2) Crystallin
3) extrusion

Front 77

--- Early Outer Dermal Cells ---
After neurulation become...
1) ***-layered structure composed of
2) *** and *** layer.

Back 77

1) two
2) periderm --- basal layer

Front 78

--- Early Outer Dermal Cells ---
1) *** gives rise to all epidermal cells
2) *** sheds once ***(location) layer forms epidermis

Back 78

1) Basal layer
2) Periderm --- bottom

Front 79

Adults lose about #g of *** cells each day.

Back 79

1.5
cornified

Front 80

--- Early Outer Dermal Cells ---
1) Epidermal skin cells AKA ****

Back 80

1) keratinocytes

Front 81

--- Pigment Cells ---
1) Differentiate from *** *** cells.
2) Migrate into *** layer.
3) Produce pigment sacs AKA ***
4) These are sent to developing ***.

Back 81

1) Neural Crest
2) Malpighian
3) melanosome
4) keratinocytes

Front 82

--- Malpighian Cells ---
1) Bound to b*** l*** by *** protein.
2) Upon differentiation into k*** they lose this protein.
3) Going into KTYPE = ***-***.

Back 82

1) basal lamina --- integrin
2) keratinocyte
3) down-regulated

Front 83

1) *** is produced by basal cells to stimulate their own division
2) and is therefore classified as an*** type factor

Back 83

1) TGF-α
2) autocrine

Front 84

--- TGF-α ---
1) Stands for....
2) Made by *** cells as an
3) *** growth factor and
4) for this reason its carefully ***

Back 84

1) Transforming Growth Factor-α
2) basal
3) autocrine
4) regulated

Front 85

--- Malpighian Cells ---
1) # *** to reach stratum corneum.
2) # *** in cornified layer.
3) Psoriasis cells spend # *** in cornified layer.

Back 85

1) 8 weeks
2) 2 weeks
3) 2 days

Front 86

--- Malpighian Cells ---
1) Psoriasis cells spend 2 days in c*** layer.
2) and is linked to overexperssion of ***

Back 86

1) cornified
2) TGF-α

Front 87

--- Epidermal Growth Factors ---
1) KGF is a *** growth factor
2) TGF-α is a *** growth factor

Back 87

1) paracrine
2) autocrine

Front 88

--- Epidermal Growth Factors ---
1) TGF-α and KGF bind to ***-# gene.

Back 88

1) Ketatin-14

Front 89

--- Epidermal Growth Factors ---
1) Over expression of *** causes
2) Scaly skin and surplus of *** epidermis
3) # Basal Cell Layer

Back 89

1) TGF-α
2) keratinized
3) SINGLE

Front 90

--- Epidermal Growth Factors ---
1) Over expression of ***
2) *** skin
3) No hair
4) Thicker epidermis
4) MANY basal cells.

Back 90

1) KGF
2) Baggy

Front 91

*** Hair is shed before birth

Back 91

Lanugo

Front 92

*** Hair replaces lango hair

Back 92

Vellus

Front 93

*** Hair is known as underarm hair

Back 93

Terminal

Front 94

*** Hair considered hairless

Back 94

Vellus

Front 95

*** Hair replaces Vellus hair

Back 95

Terminal

Front 96

*** Hair can revert back to vellus causing baldness

Back 96

Terminal

Front 97

1) *** and *** layers interact to create sweat glands and
2) hair/scales/feathers *** transfer pigment to hair *** cells

Back 97

1) Epidermis --- dermis
3) Melanocytes --- shaft