Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Exam 3 Ch8

Front 1

1) Cleavage in bird, reptile, and fish eggs is ***(incomplete cleavage) with
2) only a small portion of the *** being used to make cells.

Back 1

1) meroblastic
2) cytoplasm

Front 2

Meroblastic (*** cleavage)

Back 2

incomplete

Front 3

1) Mammals have modified *** cleavage to
2) form the *** (enables development inside another organism.)

Back 3

1) holoblastic
2) placenta

Front 4

*** is dense yolk at one end of egg.

Back 4

Telolecithal

Front 5

1) *** meroblastic cleavage occurs in birds, fish, and reptiles.
2) Continued cleavage results in the formation of a ***
3) sitting above an enormous amount of ***.

Back 5

1) Discoidal
2) blastodisc
3) yolk

Front 6

*** *** cleavage occurs in birds, fish, and reptiles.

Back 6

Discoidal meroblastic

Front 7

1) The mammalian embryo starts out as a *** *** of cells.
2) They contain no yolk like birds/reptiles but retain similar ***.

Back 7

1) single layer
2) gastrulation movements

Front 8

Gravity determines *** axis.

Back 8

posterior anterior

Front 9

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) Koller's sickle region located w/in the *** *** zone
2) and is the source of secondary *** cells.
3) Similar to what is found in *** development.

Back 9

1) posterior marginal zone
2) secondary hypoblast
3) amphibians

Front 10

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) ***-Layered BLASTODERM consists of....
2) top outer *** layer,
3) lower inner *** layer,
4) and a *** between them.

Back 10

1) Two-Layered
2) epiblast
3) hypoblast
4) blastocoel

Front 11

PMZ?

Back 11

Posterior Marginal Zone

Front 12

Epiblast and hypoblast is formed from the ***.

Back 12

blastoderm

Front 13

1) The primitive streak is formed from ingressing *** cells
2) and migration of *** cells.

Back 13

1) mesoderm
2) epiblast

Front 14

--- Chick Embryo ---
Clear structures of blastoderm...
1)
2)

Back 14

1) area pellucida
2) subgerminal cavity

Front 15

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) Area *** epiblast is clear...
2) Area *** epiblast is dark...

Back 15

1) pellucida
2) opaca

Front 16

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) Hensen's node contains a funnel shaped *** called the *** ***.

Back 16

depression
primitive pit

Front 17

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) *** does not contribute to developing embryo. It forms yolk sac membrane
2) and yolk sac ***(umbilical cord) which
3) links digestive *** to yolk.

Back 17

1) Hypoblast
2) stalk
3) tube

Front 18

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) The fate map of epiblast forms...

Back 18

1) all 3 germ layers

Front 19

!--- Chick Embryo ---
1) First cells to migrate anteriorly through the primitive streak become...

Back 19

1) the foregut

Front 20

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) Cells migrating laterally into the blastocoel of primitive streak give rise to mostly *** and *** tissue.

Back 20

1) endoderm --- mesoderm

Front 21

--- Chick Gastrulation ---
1) No true *** is produced in birds and
2) the mesenchyme is *** connected.

Back 21

1) archenteron
2) loosely

Front 22

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) As the primitive streak retreats it leaves the *** axis
2) of the embryo and the h*** p***.

Back 22

1) dorsal
2) head process

Front 23

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) Hensen's node regresses to its most posterior position where it forms...

Back 23

1) anal region

Front 24

--- Chick Embryo ---
1) Cells at posterior region undergoing ***
2) as cells at anterior region start f*** o***.
3) The saying is... anterior end has a *** ***.

Back 24

1) gastrulation
2) forming organs
3) head start

Front 25

***-*** axis is critical to hypoblast formation and embryo development.

Back 25

Dorsal-ventral

Front 26

*** *** is determined by gravity.

Back 26

Bilateral symmetry

Front 27

1) ***-*** and
2) ***-*** axes are determined prior to gastrulation while egg is slowly
3) rolling down the oviduct for # hours at # rev/hr.

Back 27

1) anterior-posterior
2) dorso-lateral
3) 20 --- 10-12

Front 28

1) Through gravity, the elevated end becomes ***
2) developing the *** of the ***ula.

Back 28

1) posterior
2) PMZ --- blastula

Front 29

1) *** is the region where hypoblast formation begins.

Back 29

1) PMZ(Posterior Marginal Zone)

Front 30

*** zone produces a gradient whose peak is at the posterior.

Back 30

Marginal

Front 31

1) ONLY *** PMZ induces hypoblast.
2) It *** other regions from forming it.

Back 31

1) HOST
2) represses

Front 32

--- PMZ induction ---
PMZ is moved to diff. site
Diff. site discarded

Back 32

PMZ @ both sites

Front 33

--- PMZ induction ---
PMZ is swapped w/diff. site

Back 33

PMZ at the new site

Front 34

--- PMZ induction ---
PMZ from other cell added to PMZ site
PMZ site move to diff. site

Back 34

only PMZ at different site...
other cell PMZ no work

Front 35

After primitive streak is induced/formed by ***... it gets this endocrine from itself.

Back 35

nodal

Front 36

Like amphibians, avian cells entering blastopore become bottle cells by *** *** ***.

Back 36

constricting apical ends

Front 37

--- Gastrulation ---
1) G-protein phosphorylates ***-***
2) that anchor ***-*** in membrane.

Back 37

1) β-catenins
2) E-cadherin

Front 38

--- Gastrulation ---
1) *** *** is released by ectodermal cells keeping
2) mesenchyme cells *** and ensuring ***.

Back 38

1) Hyaluronic acid
2) dispersed --- migration

Front 39

--- Gastrulation ---
1) Cells move lateral from primitive streak along *** ***.

Back 39

1) fibronectin mesh

Front 40

--- Gastrulation ---
1) Not sure if the protein *** is essential for gastrulation.

Back 40

1) Fibronectin

Front 41

Movement within blastocoel is by individual cells not by *** ***.

Back 41

epithelial sheets

Front 42

--- Epiboly of ECTODERMal ---
1) Only marginal cells of *** *** attack vitelline surface.
2) Using enormous c*** p*** into VE and f*** for locomotion.

Back 42

1) area opaca
2) cytoplasmic processes --- Filipodia

Front 43

--- Gastrulation --- Epiboly of Ectoderm ---
*** spreads only when the margins expand.

Back 43

Blastoderm

Front 44

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
*** pushing embryo toward uterus.

Back 44

Cilia

Front 45

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
Cleavage is the *** of the animal kingdom.

Back 45

slowest

Front 46

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
First cleavage takes *** *** to complete.

Back 46

one day

Front 47

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
Fertilization takes place in the *** region and is where *** is completed.

Back 47

ampulla
meiosis

Front 48

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
*** enables the exchange of gases and nutrients.

Back 48

Chorion

Front 49

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
*** is an endocrine organ producing three hormones essential for mammalian development.

Back 49

Chorion

Front 50

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
1) ***: Steroid hormone keeps uterine wall thick and full of blood vessels to maintain pregnancy.

Back 50

1) Progesterone

Front 51

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
1) Chorionic somatomammotropin(*** ***)

Back 51

1) placental lactogen

Front 52

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
1) ***: Used by fetal adrenal gland as a substrate for corticosteroid hormones.

Back 52

1) Progesterone

Front 53

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
1) The *** protects the fetus from the immune response of the mother.

Back 53

1) Chorion

Front 54

--- Early Mammalian Development ---
1) The fetus expresses *** antigens from mother and father.
2) Mothers body will ***.

Back 54

1) histocompatible
2) reject

Front 55

--- Mouse Development ---
1) *** happens at 8-cell stage.
2) Required for early embryo to adhere to uterine.

Back 55

Compaction

Front 56

--- Mouse Development ---
Before attachment to the uterine wall, embryo must escape the *** ***.

Back 56

zona pellucida

Front 57

--- Mouse Development ---
1) Trophoblast pumping ***(ion) into blastocoel with
2) a Na+/K+ *** p*** on membrane drawing water in and enlarging ***.

Back 57

1) Na+
2) ATPase pump --- blastocoel

Front 58

--- Mouse Development ---
1) *** *** prevents blastocyst from adhering to oviduct walls...
2) Which can cause a tubal pregnancy leading to life threatening ***.

Back 58

1) Zona pellucida
2) hemorrhaging

Front 59

--- Mouse Development ---
1) When embryo reaches uterus it hatches through small hole in *** *** created by ***.
2) It is helped by expanding ***.

Back 59

1) zona pellucida --- strypsin
2) blastocyst

Front 60

1) The *** splits into ICM and trophoblast.
2) Trophoblast cells are not used as p*** of o***.
3) ICM splits into *** and ***.

Back 60

1) blastocyst
2) part of orgamisn
3) epiblast and hypoblast

Front 61

The blastocyst splits into *** and ***.

Back 61

ICM and trophoblast

Front 62

--- Human Blastocyst ---
1) *** cells split to form amnionic cavity.

Back 62

1) Epiblast

Front 63

*** and *** species
Hypoblast doesn't form any part of organism.

Back 63

Mammalian
avian

Front 64

--- Human Gastrulation ---
1) Like chicks, mammalian *** and *** migrate through primitive streak.

Back 64

1) mesoderm --- endoderm

Front 65

--- Human Gastrulation ---
1) The *** *** is above the epiblast
2) and the *** *** is below the hypoblast.

Back 65

1) Amniotic cavity
2) Yolk sac

Front 66

--- Human Gastrulation ---
1) Early cells of the embryo can *** each other
2) and *** for missing cells.

Back 66

1) replace
2) compensate

Front 67

--- Human Gastrulation ---
1) ICM cells are ***, generating any cell type...
2) except for *** cells

Back 67

1) totipotent
2) trophoblast

Front 68

--- Human Gastrulation ---
1) Identical twins make up *** of births.
2) *** of twins separation before *** has formed.

Back 68

1) 0.25%
2) 33% --- trophoblast

Front 69

1) Monozygotic twins are called *** twins.
2) Dizygotic twins are called *** twins.

Back 69

1) identical
2) fraternal

Front 70

1) *** twins are from ONE egg.
2) *** twins are from TWO eggs.

Back 70

1) Monozygotic
2) Dizygotic

Front 71

--- Development Experiment ---
The rat w/three sets of blastomeres was proof for *** ***.

Back 71

regulative specification

Front 72

--- Human Development ---
1) *** mesoderm tissues enable embryo and fetus to survive within maternal uterus.

Back 72

1) Extraembryonic

Front 73

--- Human Development ---
1) *** gives rise to SYN-CYTIO-TROPHOBLAST cells
2) whose nuclear division occur in the absence of ***.
3) making it ***.

Back 73

1) Cytotrophoblast
2) cytokinesis
3) multinucleated

Front 74

--- Human Development ---
1) Initial type of trophoblast enters uterus with *** enzymes
2) which cease to be produced at # ***.

Back 74

1) proteolytic
2) 12 weeks

Front 75

--- Human Development ---
1) Initial type of trophoblast contains one *** per ***.
2) From this, *** develops and proliferates into uterine tissue.

Back 75

1) cell --- nucleus
2) SYNC TIO trophoblast

Front 76

--- Human Development ---
1) Uterus sends blood vessels to invading embryo that contact ***.

Back 76

1) syn cytio trophoblast

Front 77

--- Human Development PICTURE ---
1) Human embryo floats within the *** and
2) its blood vessels extend into the *** ***
3) The sphere seen is the *** ***.

Back 77

1) amnion
2) chorionic villi
3) yolk sac

Front 78

--- Human Development ---
1) The *** *** allow the chorion to have a large surface area exposed to maternal blood.

Back 78

1) chorionic villi

Front 79

--- Human Development ---
1) Soluble substances diffuse through ***.
2) Mother sends nutrients and the fetus sends *** and ***.

Back 79

1) villi
2) CO2 --- urea

Front 80

--- Types of Mammalian Placenta Chorion ---
1) *** placenta
2) *** placenta

Back 80

1) Contact
2) Deciduous

Front 81

--- Types of Mammalian Placenta Chorion ---
1) *** placenta is closely apposed to maternal tissue but readily separable.

Back 81

1) Contact

Front 82

--- Types of Mammalian Placenta Chorion ---
1) *** placenta is intimately integrated & cannot separate w/o damage.

Back 82

1) Deciduous

Front 83

--- Types of Mammalian Placenta Chorion ---
1) Contact placenta is found in *** and ***.
2) Deciduous placenta is found in *** .

Back 83

1) pigs --- rats
2) humans

Front 84

--- Human Chorionic Villa ---
1st week - Primary villus is composed of *** encased in ***.

Back 84

CytoTrophoblast
SynCytioTrophoblast

Front 85

--- Human Chorionic Villa ---
1) 1st week is called *** ***
2) 2nd week is called *** ***
3) 2rd week is called *** ***

Back 85

1) primary villus
2) secondary villus
3) tertiary villus

Front 86

--- Human Chorionic Villa ---
1) Primary Villus is ***(verb) becoming
2) *** Villus resulting in
3) *** *** formation(allow exchanges.)

Back 86

1) Invaded
2) Secondary
3) Blood vessels

Front 87

--- 2nd Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) *** Cleavage: Unique orientation of *** w/relation to one another.

Back 87

1) Rotational --- blastomere

Front 88

Rotational Cleavage is unique to *** development.

Back 88

mammalian

Front 89

--- 2nd Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
1st cleavage - normal *** division.
2nd cleavage - one cell *** division/one cell *** division...
3) Called *** cleavage

Back 89

1) meridional
2) meridional --- equatorial
3) rotational

Front 90

1) Echinoderms and amphibians use *** cleavage.
2) Mammals use *** cleavage.

Back 90

1) radial
2) rotational

Front 91

--- 1st Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
*** of cell ***...

Back 91

Slowness --- division

Front 92

--- 3rd Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
*** of *** cell d***.

Back 92

Asynchrony
early
division

Front 93

--- 3rd Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) Asyncronous division causes absence of *** g***
2) because *** do not divide at the same time.

Back 93

1) exponential growth
2) blastomeres

Front 94

--- 4th Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) Embryo *** is *** during early cleavage.

Back 94

Genome
active

Front 95

--- 4th Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) Genome active @ early cleavage producing *** p***.

Back 95

cleavage proteins

Front 96

Mouse & Goat switch from maternal to zygote genome occurs at *** ***.

Back 96

2-cell stage

Front 97

--- Mammalian Development ---
Most research has been on *** embryos.

Back 97

mouse

Front 98

--- Mammalian Development ---
Mouse embryos most common because
1) Easy to ***
2) Large ***
3) *** easily.

Back 98

1) breed
2) litters
3) Housed

Front 99

--- 5th Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) ***

Back 99

Compaction

Front 100

--- Unique to Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) Most crucial is number #... which is ***

Back 100

5th
Compaction

Front 101

--- Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) Compaction occurs at the *** stage.

Back 101

8-cell

Front 102

--- Mammalian Development ---
1) After compact 8-cells stage it becomes the ***
2) and then the ***.

Back 102

1) morula
2) blastocyst

Front 103

--- Compaction ---
1) *** *** forms between cells sealing up outside exposure.

Back 103

Tight Junction

Front 104

--- Mammalian Compaction ---
1) Cells within sphere form *** *** allowing for
2) transfer of small molecules and ***.

Back 104

1) gap junctions
2) ions

Front 105

!!!--- Mammalian Development ---
1st differentiation event is the production of *** and ***.

Back 105

Inner Cell Mass
Trophoblast

Front 106

--- Mammalian Development ---
Inner Cell Mass position on one side of the ring of t***.

Back 106

trophoblast

Front 107

!!! ---5 Major Differences in Mammalian Cleavage ---
1) *** of cell ***...
2) r*** c***
3) *** c*** d***
4) *** a*** e***
5)

Back 107

1) Slowness --- division
2) Rotational Cleavage
3) Asynchrony cell division
4) Genome active early
5) Compaction