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130 Cards in this Set

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A high-protein, high-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs
A high-protein, high-fiber diet had a satiating effect as evidenced by reduced voluntary intake compared with high protein or high fiber diets, and has the potential to lead to greater compliance in weight-loss programs.
A neurologic syndrome in Golden Retrievers presenting as a sensory ataxic neuropathy
A sensory ataxic neuropathy has been observed in Swedish Golden Retrievers recently. Dysmetria, postural reactions, and reflexes were abnormal. No decreased muscle tone. Histopath revealed revealed a chronic progressive central and peripheral sensorimotor axonopathy; the proprioceptive pathways were most severely affected. This is unlike other axonopathies in dogs. A hereditary connection was established, but the specific mode of inheritance was unknown.
A newly recognized blood group in domestic shorthair cats: the Mik red cell antigen
The absence of this novel Mik red cell antigen can be associated with naturally occurring anti-Mik alloantibodies and can elicit an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction after an AB-matched blood transfusion.
A novel mutation of the CLCN1 gene associated with myotonia hereditaria in an Australian cattle dog
Sequence data obtained from the affected dog confirmed that it was homozygous for a single base insertion in the CLCN1 coding sequence. This mutation would result in a truncated ClC-1 protein being expressed, which, based on molecular evidence from other studies, would result in functionally compromised chloride conduction in the skeletal muscles of the animal.
A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher
DCM in the Doberman Pinscher is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The causative gene(s) responsible for this condition remain unresolved.
Abnormalities of serum electrolyte concentrations in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism
Use of Na:K ratios of 27 or 28 classified 95% of dogs correctly as diseased or not diseased. The sensitivity of a Na:K ratio of 28 was 93% (CI, 85–98%) and that of 27 was 89% (CI, 80–95%). The specificity of a Na:K ratio of 28 was 96% (CI, 92– 98%) and that of 27 was 97% (CI, 93–99%). The sensitivity and specificity of a Na:K ratio of 24 were 79% (95% CI, 67–86%) and 100% (98% CI, 97%–100%), respectively.
Acute effects of carprofen and meloxicam on canine gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity
The absence of increased GI permeability and diminished mucosal absorptive capacity in this group of dogs does not support the development of acute GI toxicosis during treatment with either meloxicam or carprofen.
Adjuvant immunotherapy of feline fibrosarcoma with recombinant feline interferon-omega
RFeIFN-omega for the treatment of feline fibrosarcoma is safe, well tolerated, and can be easily performed in practice. To assess the efficacy of the treatment, it should be tested in a placebo-controlled trial.
Altered tryptophan metabolism in FIV-positive cats
Serum tryptophan concentration was significantly lower and serum kynurenine concentration was significantly higher in FIV-positive cats. The kynurenine : tryptophan ratio was 3-fold higher in FIV- positive animals, indicating increased tryptophan catabolism in this group. Dietary or pharmacologic intervention to support serum tryptophan concentrations has been shown to be clinically useful in humans with AIDS and might be applicable to cats with FIV infection.
Anticoagulant effects of low-molecular-weight heparins in healthy cats
Cats have rapid absorption and elimination kinetics with LMWH therapy. On the basis of pharmacokinetic modeling, cats will require higher dosages and more frequent administration of LMWH to achieve human therapeutic anti- factor Xa activity of 0.5–1 U/mL. Peak anti-Xa activity is predicted at 2 hours after administration of LMWH.
Argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions and Ki67 equally reflect proliferation in fine needle aspirates of normal, hyperplastic, inflamed, and neoplastic canine lymph nodes (n = 101)
The results indicated that both AgNOR and Ki67 counts were good diagnostic tools for assessment of proliferation in aspirates of canine lymph nodes.
Assessment of diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography in normal Doberman Pinschers and Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy
Doberman Pinschers showed evidence of moderate and severe diastolic dysfunction in occult and overt DCM, respectively. Shorter early transmitral flow deceleration time may be a useful predictor of onset of CHF or sudden death.
Assessment of regional systolic and diastolic myocardial function using tissue Doppler and strain imaging in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy
LV contractility along both the short and long axes is impaired in dogs with spontaneous DCM, as is systolic RV and diastolic LVFW function. These myocardial alterations are associated with an inverse force-frequency relationship. Studies now are needed to determine the comparative sensitivity of TDI and St variables for the early detection of canine DCM.
Assessment of thyroid function in dogs with low plasma thyroxine concentration
The results of this study confirm earlier observations that, in dogs, accurate biochemical diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism poses specific problems. Previous studies, in which the TSH-stimulation test was used as the ‘‘gold standard’’ for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism may have suffered from misclassification. Quantitative measurement of thyroidal 99mTcO2 uptake has the highest discriminatory power with regard to the differentiation between primary hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal illness.
Azotemia and glomerular filtration rate in dogs with chronic valvular disease
Azotemia and renal impairment increase with the severity of congestive heart failure and are frequent findings in dogs with CVD. It remains to be shown if deterioration of renal function is a direct result of progression of the heart disease.
Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003
Biliary cultures were much more likely to result in a positive culture than liver cultures.

Surgical biopsies of liver were more likely to yield positive results than aspirates.

E. coli, Enterococcus, Bacterioides, Strep, and Clostridium were most common isolates.

Isolates are more likely to be susceptible to fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides than penicillins.
Benign familial juvenile epilepsy in Lagotto Romagnolo dogs
This disorder, with simple or complex focal seizures and cerebellar lesions, represents a newly recognized epileptic syndrome in dogs. Pedigree analysis suggests autosomal recessive inheritance.
Brainstem abscess due to plant foreign body in a dog
7-month old Dachshund with brainstem granulma secondary to plant material. Dog was euthanized and diagnosis made post-mortem
Breed associations for canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
An association with EPI was discovered in Chows, CKCS, Rough-Coated Collies and GSD. An association in Chows has previously been unreported. Under-represented breeds include Boxers, Goldens, Labs, Rotties, and Weimaraners.
Canine Dal blood type: A red cell antigen lacking in some Dalmatians
Based upon the identification of an acquired alloantibody in a Dalmatian, a presumably new common blood type named Dal was identified. Dalmatians lacking the Dal antigen are likely at risk of delayed and acute hemolytic transfusion reactions.
Cardiovascular device infections in dogs: report of 8 cases and review of the literature
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staph were most commonly isolated bacteria associated with pacemaker implants. Pasteurella was isolated from two dogs with infections after PDA occlusion. Antibiotic therapy alone is associated with chronic complications in patients with cardiovascular implants and is unlikely to effect a cure.
Carvedilol in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy
Carvedilol administration did not improve echocardiographic or neurohormonal indicators of heart function. The lack of effect may be related to severity of disease, carvedilol dose, or brevity of follow-up time. Statistical power of the present study was adversely affected by a high fatality rate in study dogs and small sample size.
CCNU for the treatment of dogs with histiocytic sarcoma
Results suggest that CCNU is active against canine histiocytic sarcoma and may be useful in the treatment of dogs without negative prognostic factors. Thrombocytopenia and hypoalbuminemia were predictive of < 1 month survival.
Chordae tendineae rupture in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: prevalence, survival, and prognostic factors
CTR is associated with a higher overall survival time than previously supposed. Its prognosis mostly depends on a combination of clinical and biochemical factors (Clinical class, the presence of ascites or acute dyspnea at the time of diagnosis, heart rate, plasma urea concentration, and left atrial size were predictors of survival.)
Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome
Thirteen of 70 (18%) dogs were euthanized because of intractable disease. Univariate analysis identified a high clinical activity index, high endoscopic score in the duodenum, hypocobalaminemia (<200 ng/L) and hypoalbuminemia (<20 g/L) as risk factors for negative outcome. Based on the factors identified by logistic regression and ROC curve analysis, a new clinical scoring index (CCECAI) was defined that predicts negative outcome in dogs suffering from chronic enteropathies.
Chronic hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers: clinical presentation and prognostic factors
Prolonged PT and thrombocytopenia were associated with survival < 2 months. Anorexia, hypoglobulinemia, or prolonged PTT were associated with shorter survival times. A progressive hepatopathy in Labrador Retrievers in this study was marked by chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and copper accumulation. A clinical scoring system that correlates with survival time may be useful as a noninvasive method to predict prognosis.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of quadrigeminal cysts in dogs
Parenchymal compression by QC can be incidental, and other central nervous system diseases must be excluded when assessing the clinical significance of QC. However, occipital lobe compression over 14% is likely to cause clinical signs.
Clinical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of intracavitary administration of pegylated liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin in dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma
Intraperitoneal pegylated liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin administration did not prevent intra- abdominal recurrence of HSA in dogs.
Clinical characterization of a familial degenerative myelopathy in Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs
Clinical progression of FDM in PWC dogs was similar to that observed in other breeds but characterized by a longer duration. Spinal cord pathology predominates as noninflammatory axonal degeneration. Oxidative stress injury associated with 8-isoprostane production is not involved in the pathogenesis of FDM-affected PWC dogs. A familial disease is suspected.
Clinical efficacy and palatability of pradofloxacin 2.5% oral suspension for the treatment of bacterial lower urinary tract infections in cats
We conclude that pradofloxacin 2.5% oral suspension is a highly effective and safe antimicrobial treatment for bacterial lower urinary tract infection in cats, and that the palatable formulation optimizes owner compliance. These findings make pradofloxacin a useful addition to the veterinary formulary.
Clinical stage, therapy, and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma
Retrospective evaluation revealed 4 statistically significant negative prognostic indicators for survival: lack of therapy, presence of distant metastases, presence of lymph node metastases, and primary tumor size (>2.5 cm). Lymph node extirpation was a statistically significant positive prognostic indicator by bivariate analysis. In both retrospective and prospective analyses, the modified clinical stage scheme revealed a significant association with survival time.
Clinicopathologic features and outcome predictors of Leptospira interrogans Australis serogroup infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 cases (2001-2004)
Among the evaluated clinicopathologic biomarkers, serum albumin, cardiac troponin I, CRP/Hpt, urinary albumin, and urinary total protein to creatinine ratio were found to predict outcome and warrant evaluation in larger prospective studies.
Combination chemotherapy with L-asparaginase, lomustine, and prednisone for relapsed or refractory canine lymphoma
Overall response rate for dogs treated with this protocol was 87%, with 52% of dogs achieving a complete response. Median time to response was 21 days. Median time to progression was 63 days (111 days for dogs achieving a complete response and 42 days for dogs achieving a partial response).

There were no significant differences in response rates and times to progression between dogs who had received L-asparaginase before beginning this rescue protocol and those who had not. Toxicoses were mild and self-limiting in 29 of 31 cases.

This is a well-tolerated rescue therapy for relapsing LSA in dogs. Response rates and remission durations compare favorably to other rescue protocols. Therefore, this protocol is a viable rescue option.
Comparative adverse cardiac effects of pimobendan and benazepril monotherapy in dogs with mild degenerative mitral valve disease: a prospective, controlled, blinded, and randomized study
PIMO has adverse cardiac functional and morphologic effects in dogs with asymptomatic MVD. Additional investigation in dogs with symptomatic MVD is now warranted.
Comparison and reproducibility of plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine, exo-iohexol, endo-iohexol, and 51Cr-EDTA in young adult and aged healthy cats
Globally, the 4 methods differed significantly in GFR assessment. Clearance of exo-iohexol and chromium-51 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (51Cr -EDTA) showed the highest and lowest reproducibility, respectively. Only plasma clearance of creatinine differed significantly between young adult and aged cats.
Comparison of 3 protocols for treatment after induction of remission in dogs with lymphoma
Consolidation with either CCNU/MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone)or Half-body Radiation Therapy showed no advantage over a standard CHOP-based protocol.
Comparison of COAP and UW-19 protocols for dogs with multicentric lymphoma
Use of a long-term doxorubicin-containing sequential combination chemotherapy protocol is associated with a decreased risk of relapse and death relative to a non-doxorubicin-containing protocol.
Comparison of direct immunofluorescence, immunoassays, and fecal flotation for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in naturally exposed cats in 4 Northern California animal shelters
The ProSpecT Microplate Assay had the highest sensitivities and specificities for Giardia spp. (91.2 and 99.4%) and Cryptosporidum spp. (71.4 and 96.7%), respectively.

The SNAP Giardia antigen assay was easier to use and equally sensitive (85.3%) and specific (100%) to fecal flotation.

Caution should be exercised when using human-based immunoassays for the diagnosis of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in cats.

Fecal flotation remains a useful method for detection of Giardia spp., can be used to detect other parasites, and has a sensitivity of 97.8% for detection of Giardia spp. when combined with the SNAP Giardia immunoassay.
Continuous low-dose oral chemotherapy for adjuvant therapy of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs
Dogs treated with LDC did not develop severe adverse effects, and long-term treatment over 6 months was well- tolerated. Oral administration of etoposide resulted in detectable plasma concentrations that peaked between 30 and 60 minutes after dosing. Both the median overall survival time and the median disease-free interval in dogs treated with LDC were 178 days. By comparison, the overall survival time and disease-free interval in dogs treated with DOX were 133 and 126 days, respectively.

Continuous orally administered LDC may be an effective alternative to conventional high-dose chemotherapy for adjuvant therapy of dogs with HSA.
Day-to-Day variation of the urine protein: creatinine ratio in female dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria caused by X-linked hereditary nephropathy
To demonstrate a significant difference between serial values in these proteinuric dogs, the UPC must change by at least 35% at high UPC values (near 12) and 80% at low UPC values (near 0.5). One measurement is adequate to reliably estimate the UPC when UPC <4, but 2–5 determinations are necessary at higher UPC values.
Decreased systolic function and inadequate hypertrophy in large and small breed dogs with chronic mitral valve insufficiency
Data from this study indicate that dogs with moderate heart failure caused by CMVI have systolic dysfunction. Inadequate hypertrophy of the left ventricle may be, in part, responsible for this finding.
Determination of the in vitro susceptibility of feline tritrichomonas foetus to 5 antimicrobial agents
Time-kill assays demonstrated ronidazole had a higher lethal activity compared with metronidazole. These findings contrast with a previously published report and may reflect strain variation, different methodologies, or both. The lack of clinical response seen with metronidazole administration to treat feline trichomoniasis may not reflect inherent resistance but rather in vivo events involving drug distribution and pharmacokinetics.
Diabetes mellitus in a population of 180,000 insured dogs: incidence, survival, and breed distribution
Breed, sex (female), and previous Cushing's disease were predisposing factors. The significant breed-specific sex and age differences shown in this study indicate that genetic variation could make breeds more or less susceptible to different types of DM.
Diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiography and thoracic radiography in the assessment of left atrial size in cats: comparison with transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography
ECG and thoracic radiography are reasonably specific but less sensitive predictors of LAE in cats.
Diagnostic value of echo-Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging in dogs with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Tissue doppler imaging provided effective predictors of systolic PAH and demonstrated that both alterations in right-sided systolic and diastolic myocardial function can occur with mild increases in SPAP.
Dietary energy restriction and successful weight loss in obese client-owned dogs
This clinical study demonstrated body composition changes during weight loss in dogs. Conventional programs produced safe weight loss, but marked energy restriction was required and the rate of loss was slower than in experimental studies.
Dissection of a patent ductus arteriosus with right heart failure in an adult dog
3 yo MC Min Pin lethargy, labored breathing and newly recognized murmur. Owners euthanized. PDA dissection confirmed on necropsy
Distinguishing cardiac and noncardiac dyspnea in 48 dogs using plasma atrial natriuretic factor, B-type natriuretic factor, endothelin, and cardiac troponin-I
Plasma NT-proANP, BNP, and ET-1, but not cTnI, appear useful for distinguishing between dogs with cardiac and noncardiac causes of dyspnea, with plasma NT-proANP having the highest sensitivity (95.5%) and specificity (84.6%).
Doxorubicin and BAY 12-9566 for the treatment of osteosarcoma in dogs: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Treatment with BAY 12-9566 (MMP inhibitor) did not improve survival. Increased age, weight, serum ALP and Bone ALP were associated with poorer survival. Doxorubicin is an effective adjuvant to amputation in prolonging survival for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
Doxycycline clearance of experimentally induced chronic Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs
E canis DNA was not detected in the blood and tissues of doxycycline-treated dogs after treatment. Platelet counts were within reference intervals, and E canis antibodies decreased. Spontaneous clearance of E canis infection occurred in 2 of 5 control dogs. Three control dogs had E canis DNA detected in blood and tissues, platelet counts remained low or within the reference interval, and E canis antibodies remained high.
Echocardiographic and angiographic comparison of ductal dimensions in dogs with patent ductus arteriosus
Transesophageal echocardiography provided accurate anatomic information regarding PDA morphology and closely approximated angiographic ductal dimensions while aiding in both coil deployment and confirmation of intra-operative ductal closure.
Effect of control of systolic blood pressure on survival in cats with systemic hypertension
Only UP : C and SBP at diagnosis differed significantly between Systolic Blood Pressure Over Time quartiles. Proteinuria was the only variable significantly related to survival in hypertensive cats. A significant decline in UP : C was found in cats treated with amlodipine besylate. Proteinuria before and after treatment of hypertension is strongly associated with survival in cats with systolic hypertension. Treatment with amlodipine besylate can result in a significant reduction in UP : C.
Effect of feline interferon-omega on the survival time and quality of life of cats with feline infectious peritonitis
There was no statistically significant difference in the survival time of cats treated with FeIFN-Ω versus placebo or in any other variable evaluated (with the exception of the lymphocyte count). The cats survived between 3 and 200 days (median, 9 days). There was only 1 long-term survivor (.3 months), and the cat was in the FeIFN-Ω group.
Effect of phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine on the urethral pressure profile and continence scores of incontinent female dogs
Changes in maximum urethral closure pressure and functional area after PPA therapy were significantly higher than after Pseudoephedrine (PD) therapy. There was no change in the functional profile length after either treatment. There was a significant increase in the continence score after PPA therapy, but not after PD therapy. More adverse effects were observed in dogs treated with PD than with PPA.
Effects of 2 concentrations of sodium citrate on coagulation test results, von Willebrand factor concentration, and platelet function in dogs
There is no clinically significant effect of using 3.2% sodium citrate vs 3.8%.
Effects of 4 classes of cardiovascular drugs on ventricular function in dogs with mitral regurgitation
This study contradicts the hypotheses that:

(1) strengthening the left ventricle may increase MR, and

(2) treatment of MR (even before symptoms of heart failure develop) may decrease LAD.

It is reasonable that strengthening the force of LV contraction should increase the driving pressure for MR; however, this effect did not appear to increase MR. Although some investigators believe that treating dogs with MR with afterload reducers and decreasing hindrance to ejection of blood from the LV to aorta may lengthen life by decreasing MR, there did not appear to be a reduction in MR, at least in response to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
Effects of blood collection for transfusion on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and PCV in cats
The collection of a unit of blood for transfusion from healthy donor cats weighing more than 5 kg appears to be safe, but this procedure leads to a decrease in arterial BP, PCV, and HR.
Effects of carvedilol treatment in dogs with chronic mitral valvular disease
The studied dose of carvedilol in this group did not improve the sympathetic activation and echocardiographic variables over 3 months of chronic oral treatment. However, the results suggested a beneficial effect on the quality of life score, functional classification, and a reduction on systolic blood pressure.
Effects of L-asparaginase on plasma amino acid profiles and tumor burden in cats with lymphoma
L-Asparaginase significantly reduced asparagine concentrations within 2 days of treatment, but this effect was lost within 7 days. The apparent overall response rate of feline LSA to L-asparaginase in this study was 30%.
Efficacy of famotidine for the prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs
Treatment with famotidine significantly reduced the severity score compared with control. No adverse effects of treatment were reported. Famotidine is effective in reducing the severity of exercise-induced gastric disease in racing Alaskan sled dogs, with minimal to no adverse effects, and may be recommended for prophylactic use in short distance races.
Electroencephalography findings in healthy and Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy: visual and background quantitative analysis
Benign epileptiform transients of sleep could be easily misinterpreted as epileptiform activity. Epileptiform activity in Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy seems to originate from a posterior-occipital location. The EEG of dogs with epilepsy exhibited a significant difference in background frequency bands compared with the control dogs. Phenobarbital treatment markedly influenced all background activity bands. Quantitative EEG analysis, in addition to visual analysis, seems to be a useful tool in the examination of patients with epilepsy.
Esophageal varices due to a probable arteriovenous communication in a dog
Downhill esophageal varices secondary to suspect AV malformations were noted in a 6 yo MC Samoyed.
Evaluation of a novel tumor vaccine in dogs with hemangiosarcoma
The most common adverse effects observed in vaccinated dogs also treated with doxorubicin chemotherapy were diarrhea and anorexia. Vaccinated dogs were found to mount strong humoral immune responses against a control antigen and, most dogs also mounted antibody responses against canine HSA cells. Thirteen dogs with stage II splenic HSA that received the tumor vaccine plus doxorubicin chemotherapy had an overall median survival time of 182 days.
Evaluation of antineutrophil IgG antibodies in persistently neutropenic dogs
The flow cytometric test for antineutrophil antibodies detects dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IMN.

Testing for antineutrophil antibodies should include observation for leukoagglutination, observation of scatter plots for altered distribution of the neutrophil population, observation of the shape of the fluorescence histogram, determination of neutrophil fluorescence intensity, and determination of the percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity.
Evaluation of biological variance of cystatin C in comparison with other endogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate in healthy dogs
In dogs, the components of biological variance of cysC prevent this parameter from being highly superior to crea for the detection of decreased GFR.
Evaluation of clinical, macroscopic, and histopathologic response to treatment in nonhypoproteinemic dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis
Treatment (pred and metronidazole) of nonhypoproteinemic dogs with LPE led to clinical and endoscopic improvement, but histopathologic lesions were unchanged during therapy.
Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in neoplasms of dogs and cats
In dogs and cats, tumors classically involving bone and causing pain, often may express RANKL. Confirming RANKL expression in tumors is a necessary step toward the rational institution of novel therapies targeting malignant osteolysis via RANKL antagonism.
Feline acromegaly: an underdiagnosed endocrinopathy?
IGF-1 was determined in 184 variably controlled diabetic cats; 59 cats had markedly increased IGF-1 concentrations (>1,000 ng/mL; reference interval, 208–443 ng/mL). Eighteen cats subsequently were examined, and acromegaly was confirmed in 17 cats. Notable findings included absence of a detectable pituitary mass lesion in some affected cats regardless of whether CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used. Hypertension was not found to be a complication in the evaluated cats and respiratory stridor was more prevalent than previously reported.
Flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in 68 cats (2001-2006)
BAL cell counts were adequate for cytologic assessment (.300 cells/mL) in 61 of 64 cats (97%), and in 107 of 120 samples (89%) collected. Complications occurred in 38% of procedures; however, these were mild in 24% of cats; 6% of cats died or were euthanized after the procedure. Complications were not associated with fluid volume instilled or recovered, and could not be related to the underlying disease process.
Genetic cause of autosomal recessive hereditary nephropathy in the English Cocker Spaniel
The cause of this disease has been identified (gene COL4A4), and use of a test for the mutation will permit eradication of autosomal recessive hereditary nephropathy in the English Cocker Spaniel.
Genotypic analysis of Giardia duodenalis in domestic cats
The presence of diarrhea in domestic cats with Giardia cannot be used as a predictor of the presence of zoonotic genotypes in animals within the study area. Although Assemblage A was associated with age and housing, veterinarians should consider any isolation of Giardia from domestic cats as potentially zoonotic.

Assemblage A = zoonotic

Assemblage F = typically only cats
Glycogen storage disease type IIIa in curly-coated retrievers
GSD IIIa in CCR is an autosomal recessive trait caused by mutation of glycogen debranching enzyme gene (AGL). A DNA sequence-based carrier test was developed, and carriers were identified in the United States, New Zealand, Australia, and Finland.
Hemostatic biomarkers in dogs with chronic congestive heart failure
There is evidence of a procoagulant state in dogs with CHF

Dogs with CHF had significantly higher fibrinogen, D-dimer, and thrombin-antithrombin complec concentration, lower antithrombin and protein C activity compared with control dogs.

None of the hemostatic were associated with risk of death.
Hereditary factor VII deficiency in the Alaskan Klee Kai dog
FVII deficiency was diagnosed in 6 dogs with a median FVII activity (FVII : C) of 5% (reference range, 50–150%). All FVII-deficient Alaskan Klee Kai were homozygous for the same mutation as FVII-deficient Beagles (ie, a G to A transition), resulting in substitution of glycine 96 by glutamic acid. An overlap in the FVII:C values obtained from heterozygote and wild-type dogs precluded accurate detection of carriers without genetic screening. Plasma FVII:C accurately identifies affected dogs, but deoxyribonucleic acid testing is required for identification of carriers.
Hyperthyroidism associated with probable struma cordis in a young dog
Benign thyroid rest in the RVOT of people is known as a Struma cordis. This dog responded to I-131 therapy and was reported to be healthy by the owner 2 years post treatment
Impact of chemotherapeutic dose intensity and hematologic toxicity on first remission duration in dogs with lymphoma treated with a chemoradiotherapy protocol
Development of grade III or IV neutropenia during chemotherapy was found to be associated with prolonged first remission duration (P < .01). Dose intensity did not have a significant impact on remission duration (P < .07).
In vitro cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression and enzymatic activity in neoplastic cells
Western blot is more accurate than IHC for the detection of COX-2 protein in the cell lines studied. Furthermore, the semiquantitative identification of COX-2 protein by IHC or WB does not necessarily correlate with enzymatic activity. Based upon the potential inaccuracy of IHC and dissociation of COX-2 protein expression from enzymatic activity, the practice of instituting treatment of tumors with COX-2 inhibitors based solely on IHC results should be reconsidered.
Incidence and clinical relevance of hyperglycemia in critically ill dogs
The incidence of hyperglycemia in this population of dogs was 16%. Dogs that developed hyperglycemia had longer length of hospitalization and nonsurvivors had more pronounced hyperglycemia than did survivors.
Inheritance, mode of inheritance, and candidate genes for primary hyperparathyroidism in Keeshonden
Primary hyperparathyroidism is an autosomal dominant, genetically transmitted disease in Keeshonden. Once the mutation locus is identified, genetic testing should quickly decrease the incidence of PHPT in this breed. It is unlikely that mutations in MEN1, CASR, HRPT2, or RET cause PHPT in Keeshonden.
Investigation of hypertriglyceridemia in healthy Miniature Schnauzers
Healthy MS have a high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia as compared to healthy dogs of other breeds. Both the prevalence and severity of hypertriglyceridemia increase with age.
Liver function in cats with hyperthyroidism before and after 131I therapy
High serum liver enzyme activities were not associated with abnormalities in hepatic parenchyma and liver functional variables, regardless of the degree of increase. Serum liver enzyme activities return to normal after control of hyperthyroidism with 131I therapy.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical associations in 52 dogs with suspected ischemic myelopathy
The severity of signs on presentation is associated with the presence and the extent of the lesion on MRI.
Mammary gland tumors in male dogs
This study suggests that mammary-gland tumors in male dogs are rare, usually benign, and surgery alone can provide long-term control in most dogs.
Microalbuminuria is not associated with cisplatin-induced azotemia in dogs
Microalbuminuria measured after each treatment was not associated with azotemia through the first 3 treatments. Testing for microalbuminuria as a marker for cisplatin-induced renal damage is insensitive and not recommended.
Microsatellite instability in canine mammary gland tumors
Although some low-level MSI often is observed, high-level MSI is an infrequent finding in canine mammary tumors. Further evaluations are required to better characterize this phenomenon and to determine its relevance to canine carcinogenesis.
Mushroom-derived maitake PETfraction as single agent for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs
Well tolerated, but no benefit noted. Study was sponsored by manufacturer of the mushroom extract.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in a dog
9-year old FS Golden in California. First report of CT results from a dog with TB. Owners elected euthanasia.
Neurologic dysfunction in hypothyroid, hyperlipidemic Labrador Retrievers
Labrador Retrievers may be predisposed to the development of severe hyperlipidemia in association with hypothyroidism. One possible consequence of severe hyperlipidemia is the development of neurologic signs due to atherosclerosis and thromboembolic events.
Neurotoxicosis in 4 cats receiving ronidazole
Al cats received > 60 mg/kg. All signs resolved after discontinuing medication.
Neutrophil function in septic dogs
An important component of neutrophil function is decreased in septic dogs. The diminished oxidative burst after Fc receptor–mediated phagocytosis in neutrophils from septic dogs could hinder the ability of the innate immune system to clear bacterial infections or it might help protect these patients from the systemic consequences of infection.
Omega-3 fatty acids in Boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Fish oil, but not flax oil, supplementation for 6 weeks reduces arrhythmia in Boxers with ARVC and that it could be useful in treating this common disease. Further studies are needed to determine optimal dose and duration of treatment.
Papillary muscle measurements in cats with normal echocardiograms and cats with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
Papillary muscle measurements were larger for left ventricular concentric hypertrophy cats than normal cats; however, some overlap was present. The establishment of these objective measures adds to the echocardiographic examination of cats.
Paraneoplastic hypoglycemia due to an insulin-like growth factor type-II secreting hepatocellular carcinoma in a dog
Insulin Like Growth Factor-II secreting hepatocellular carcinoma from an 8-year old FI cross breed dog.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy tube placement in healthy dogs and cats
Placement of a PEG-J tube is an effective, noninvasive technique for providing enteral nutritional support of healthy dogs and cats. Bolus-feeding techniques via PEG-J tubes maintain normal nutritional status in healthy dogs and cats. This procedure for jejunostomy feeding may be easily adapted for use in clinical practice outside of an intensive care facility.
Pericardial effusion in cats: a retrospective study of clinical findings and outcome in 146 cats
CHF is the most common cause of pericardial effusion in cats. Survival time of cats with heart failure in this study was significantly shorter than previously reported, and significantly shorter than in cats without heart failure as a cause of PE.
Photodynamic therapy of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma using a newly developed liposomal photosensitizer: preliminary results concerning drug safety and efficacy
No general adverse effects were observed in cats treated with the new liposomal formulation. Mild local toxicity such as erythema and edema were seen in 15% of the patients. All cats responded to therapy, with a complete response rate of 100%. The overall 1-year control rate was 75%. The tumor recurrence rate was 20% with a median time to recurrence of 172.25 (687.1) days.
Pituitary apoplexy-like disease in 4 dogs
Four dogs presented with acute neurologic signs including depression (n = 3), behavioral changes (n = 1), vision loss (n = 1), seizures (n = 1), and collapse (n = 1). CT disclosed suprasellar infarction, hemorrhage, or both associated with a pituitary macroadenoma in 3 dogs and a frank hemorrhage in 1 dog. CT findings were correlated with postmortem findings, and pituitary apoplexy was confirmed by histopathology and immunocytochemistry of the pituitary tissue
Plasma big endothelin-1, atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, and norepinephrine concentrations in normal Doberman Pinschers and Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy
Dogs with occult DCM had significantly higher ANP concentrations compared with normal dogs . Dogs with overt DCM had significantly higher concentrations of all neurohormones compared with the normal group. Furthermore, increasing big ET-1 and NE concentrations over 1 month were associated with a shorter survival time.
Platelet concentrations and platelet-associated IgG in greyhounds
The mean Greyhound PC for the impedance method was below the reference interval for control dogs but was not significantly different from PC determined by other methods. An immune-mediated cause for the lower PC was unlikely because no samples had PSAIgG. The decreased PC is most consistent with breed variation. As only 0– 5% of samples, depending on analysis method, had PC <100,000/mL, a Greyhound with a PC <100,000/mL is not necessarily consistent with breed variation, thus diagnostic testing is indicated.
Premature death, risk factors, and life patterns in dogs with epilepsy
The diagnosis of epilepsy implies an increased risk of premature death. The prognosis for dogs with epilepsy is dependent on a combination of veterinary expertise, therapeutic success, and the owner’s motivation.
Procarbazine as adjunctive therapy for treatment of dogs with presumptive antemortem diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 21 cases (1998-2004)
Median survival time for all dogs studied was 5.0 months. Median survival time for dogs treated with procarbazine was 14.0 months and for untreated dogs, 0.73 months. Treatment with procarbazine was significantly correlated with survival time. Procarbazine was the only independent predictor of survival. Prednisone was reduced in dosage or discontinued in 17 dogs. Adverse reactions to procarbazine therapy included myelosuppression in 7 dogs and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 3 dogs.
Prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is achieved
Long-term prognosis in canine EPI is favorable for dogs that survive the initial treatment period. Although there are few predictors of good RIT or long-term survival, severe cobalamin deficiency is associated with shorter survival. Therefore, parenteral cobalamin supplementation should be considered when hypocobalaminemia is documented.
Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease
Increased plasma creatinine, increased UPC, and increased blood leukocyte count were significantly associated with a shorter renal survival time and were independent risk factors. Increased concentrations of plasma phosphate or urea, and lower blood hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit were significantly associated with a shorter renal survival time and were dependent risk factors, because they also were significantly correlated with plasma creatinine concentration at baseline.
Prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfadiazine during chemotherapy in dogs with lymphoma and osteosarcoma: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
The use of prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfadiazine has benefit in reducing morbidity in dogs with osteosarcoma or lymphoma during the first 14 days after treatment with doxorubicin.
Prospective clinical evaluation of an ELISA B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in dogs presenting with cough or dyspnea
Measurement of BNP is useful in establishing or in excluding the diagnosis of CHF in dogs with cough or dyspnea. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations rose significantly as a function of severity of CHF.
Regulation of COX-2 expression in canine prostate carcinoma: increased COX-2 expression is not related to inflammation
COX-2 is expressed in canine PCA; however, expression is not related to the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that the cytokines TNF-a and IL-6 and their involved signaling pathways do not stimulate COX-2 expression in malignant canine prostate cells.
Relative adrenal insufficiency in dogs with sepsis
D-cortisol <3 mcg/dL after adrenocorticotropic hormone administration is associated with systemic hypotension and decreased survival in septic dogs.
Resolution of acute kidney injury in a cat after lily (Lilium lancifolium) intoxication
Early and aggressive treatment (i.e. dialysis) may result in complete resolution of renal disease due to lilly intoxication in cats.
Results of a web-based health survey of retired racing Greyhounds
The mortality rate for Greyhounds within the 2-year period was 15% (113 of 747 died). The most common cause of death reported was cancer (66 dogs, 58%), and the most common type of cancer listed as the cause of death was osteosarcoma (28 dogs, 25%). The most commonly reported groups of diseases or disorders were skeletal (232 dogs, 33%), skin (197 dogs, 28%), digestive (132 dogs, 18%), cancer (94 dogs, 13%), and endocrine (85 dogs, 11.9%). Forty-five percent of Greyhounds diagnosed with cancer and 6% of the overall population had osteosarcoma.
Reversible myocardial depression associated with sepsis in a dog
Myocardial function returned to normal after successful treatment of sepsis.
Serum C-reactive protein concentration as an indicator of remission status in dogs with multicentric lymphoma
CRP is useful in determining complete remission status after treatment with cytotoxic drugs. However, the individual variation between dogs means CRP concentration is not sufficiently different in other remission states to permit its use in monitoring progression of the disease. Greater reliability in determining remission status might be achieved by combining CRP concentration with other serum markers.
Serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in cats with diabetes mellitus and acromegaly
Results support the use of serum IGF-I concentration as a screening test for acromegaly in diabetic cats that have clinical findings supportive of the disease.
Sildenafil citrate therapy in 22 dogs with pulmonary hypertension
Sildenafil did not significantly lower the degree of measurable PH in dogs. Clinical improvement and increased quality of life was seen with sildenafil treatment, despite lack of significant change in other variables.
Single-agent pamidronate for palliative therapy of canine appendicular osteosarcoma bone pain
Substantiated by reductions in cumulative pain index score and increases in relative primary tumor bone mineral density, single-agent pamidronate administered intravenously with NSAID therapy relieves pain and diminishes pathologic bone turnover associated with appendicular OSA in a subset of dogs.
Spinal intramedullary aberrant Spirocerca lupi migration in 3 dogs
3 dogs had Spirocerca lupi in their spinal cord. No treatment was attempted.
Stage migration in dogs with lymphoma
Standardized methods of staging are necessary to prevent stage migration as more sensitive diagnostic tests are recruited.
Successful treatment of acute tumor lysis syndrome in a dog with multicentric lymphoma
ATLS after whole body radiation in a cat successfully treated with fluids, plasma, sodium bicarb, etc.
Survival, neurologic response, and prognostic factors in dogs with pituitary masses treated with radiation therapy and untreated dogs
When compared with untreated dogs, RT increased survival and controlled neurologic signs in dogs with pituitary masses.
Suspected isolated pancreatic lipase deficiency in a dog
Dog with normal TLI had undetectable amounts of pancreatic lipase. Dog responded well to pancreatic enzyme replacement.
The effect of hydration status on the echocardiographic measurements of normal cats
Altered hydration status produces changes in the echocardiographic examination of normal cats that may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cardiomyopathy or mask its presence. Hydration status should be considered during echocardiographic examination in cats.
The effects of age and heart rate on tricuspid annular motion velocities in healthy nonsedated cats
Age and heart rate have minimal effects on tricuspid annular velocities.
Tissue Doppler imaging in Maine Coon cats with a mutation of myosin binding protein C with or without hypertrophy
The incremental reduction of Em-EAsum as group severity increased indicates that diastolic dysfunction is an early abnormality that occurs before hypertrophy development. TDI measurement of Em or EAsum of the lateral mitral annulus is an insensitive screening test for identification of phenotypically normal, genotypically affected cats.
Transcatheter closure of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect in a dog
VSD successfully closed with an Amplatzer device in a Old English Sheepdog.
Transient hyperammonemia due to urea cycle enzyme deficiency in Irish wolfhounds
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Citrulline concentrations are controlled by the urea cycle enzymes argininosuccinase and argininosuccinate synthetase, and a defect in either of these enzymes may be responsible for the transient hyperammonemia in Irish Wolfhounds. Resolution of the hyperammonemia is associated with increased activity of alternative metabolic pathways forming glutamine and asparagine. Confirmation requires measurement of enzyme activities in liver tissue.
Transthoracic echocardiographic measurement of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs
The 2D-E from the left cranial parasternal view is an excellent noninvasive method to estimate the PDA minimal diameter before doing catheter intervention.
Treatment of doxorubicin extravasation with intravenous dexrazoxane in a cat
First report of successful use of dexrazoxane to treat extravasation of doxorubicin in a domestic animal
Treatment of severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia with human IV immunoglobulin in 5 dogs
Human IVIG was well tolerated and appeared to be associated with rapid platelet count recovery and amelioration of clinical signs in most dogs with IMT.
Triple antimicrobial therapy and acid suppression in dogs with chronic vomiting and gastric Helicobacter spp
Eradication rates of Helicobacter spp with both treatments were not significantly different. Eradication rates at 6 months were modest, and more effective treatments should be developed. Acid suppression is not a necessary component of treatment protocols for dogs. Eradication of gastric Helicobacter spp was associated with improvement in gastritis scores. Dramatic reduction of the vomiting frequency occurred with both treatment protocols. Gastric Helicobacter spp may cause or contribute to chronic vomiting and gastritis in some dogs.
Urinary catecholamine and metanephrine to creatinine ratios in healthy dogs at home and in a hospital environment and in 2 dogs with pheochromocytoma
Stress associated with a hospital visit and with the sampling procedure causes increases in urine catecholamine and metanephrine excretion. Urine collection for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma probably should take place at home after adaptation to the sampling procedure.
Use of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the epidemiology of hemoplasma infections in anemic and nonanemic cats
Cats may be infected with 4 hemoplasma species.
Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis.

The association between Mycoplasma haemominutum infection, FIV, and SCC may reflect outdoor roaming status of infected cats. The clustered distribution of infection suggests an arthropod vector in transmission.