Jus Institutions Final

Front 1

What are Human Rights?

Back 1

the basic rights and freedoms that all humans are entitled

Front 2

Violations of HR

Back 2

Slavery, torture, child labor, genocide, no due process (kangaroo courts, mock trials).

Front 3

Interdependence among nations

Back 3

It is hard to govern non sovereign nations. It is needed for health issues and because economic interdependence is so huge.

Front 4

WW1-

Back 4

ended in 1918 with treaty of Versailles, which blamed Germany. League Of Nations was developed and included France, England, Japan, and Italy. U.S. did not ratify treaty and Soviet Union was not allowed because of communist government. –Main goal was to ensure a country couldn’t cause such destruction on its own.

Front 5

WW2-

Back 5

A big part of this war starting was the fallout of the treaty of Versailles. Nazi war crimes against Jews

Front 6

The Nuremburg Trials

Back 6

league of nations ruled the Germans committed crimes against humanity and then punished them inhumanly. War criminals were tried by allied judges and were not given due process or fair trials.

Front 7

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Back 7

Adopted on December 10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations

Front 8

History and purpose

(UN)

Back 8

Created in 1945 to replace the league of nations. HQ is in New York. 192 member states

Front 9

Location and membership

(UN)

Back 9

International territory in Manhattan, New York City
192 member states

Front 10

5 Permanent Members – their role

(UN)

Back 10

China, France , Russia, United Kingdom, and the U.S. These countries have veto power over any security council resolution.

Front 11

5 Administrative Bodies

(UN)

Back 11

1) The General Assembly
2)Security council- Decided on peace resolutions
3)Economic and Social council—promotes international social and economic development
4)The Secretariat—provides studies and info. To council members
5)International court of Justice—primary judicial organ.

Front 12

International Court of Justice

Back 12

Located in the Hague, Netherlands

Front 13

International Court of Justice

Purpose

Back 13

Is to settle disputes among sovereign states and give advice

Front 14

International Court of Justice

US

Back 14

—The United State withdrew from the court in 1986 due to the “Nicaragua Case”
Biggest obstacle- Nations must agree to abide by court’s ruling which forces each country to give up a little of their sovereignty.

Front 15

International Criminal Court

Back 15

opened in 2002 with the purpose of trying those accused of the worst international crimes.---War crimes, Genocide,etc.
--Independent from UN in terms of funding and personnel.

Front 16

International Criminal Court

Limitations

Back 16

Cant impose the death penalty,

Front 17

International Criminal Court

Powers

Back 17

can sentence life in prison, can force criminals to return gains.
---There are currently 105 member nations( U.S. and Israel not members) 41 other states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

Front 18

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

History and purpose

Back 18

Adopted Dec. 10th 1948 by the United Nations General Assembly

Front 19

FDR and “The Four Freedoms” speech

Back 19

speech and expression, worship god in his own way, freedom from want, and freedom from fear(worldwide reduction of arms so no nation has the power to attack another).

Front 20

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Preamble

Back 20

all members of the human family have freedom, justice, and preach in this world.

Front 21

What are Human Rights?

Back 21

the basic rights and freedoms that all humans are entitled

Front 22

Violations of HR

Back 22

Slavery, torture, child labor, genocide, no due process (kangaroo courts, mock trials).

Front 23

Interdependence among nations

Back 23

It is hard to govern non sovereign nations. It is needed for health issues and because economic interdependence is so huge.

Front 24

WW1-

Back 24

ended in 1918 with treaty of Versailles, which blamed Germany. League Of Nations was developed and included France, England, Japan, and Italy. U.S. did not ratify treaty and Soviet Union was not allowed because of communist government. –Main goal was to ensure a country couldn’t cause such destruction on its own.

Front 25

WW2-

Back 25

A big part of this war starting was the fallout of the treaty of Versailles. Nazi war crimes against Jews

Front 26

The Nuremburg Trials

Back 26

league of nations ruled the Germans committed crimes against humanity and then punished them inhumanly. War criminals were tried by allied judges and were not given due process or fair trials.

Front 27

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Back 27

Adopted on December 10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations

Front 28

History and purpose

(UN)

Back 28

Created in 1945 to replace the league of nations. HQ is in New York. 192 member states

Front 29

Location and membership

(UN)

Back 29

International territory in Manhattan, New York City
192 member states

Front 30

5 Permanent Members – their role

(UN)

Back 30

China, France , Russia, United Kingdom, and the U.S. These countries have veto power over any security council resolution.

Front 31

5 Administrative Bodies

Back 31

1) The General Assembly
2)Security council- Decided on peace resolutions
3)Economic and Social council—promotes international social and economic development
4)The Secretariat—provides studies and info. To council members
5)International court of Justice—primary judicial organ.

Front 32

International Court of Justice

Back 32

Located in the Hague, Netherlands

Front 33

International Court of Justice

Purpose

Back 33

Is to settle disputes among sovereign states and give advice

Front 34

International Court of Justice

US

Back 34

The United State withdrew from the court in 1986 due to the “Nicaragua Case”

Front 35

International Court of Justice

Biggest obsticle

Back 35

Nations must agree to abide by court’s ruling which forces each country to give up a little of their sovereignty.

Front 36

International Criminal Court

History

Back 36

oened in 2002 with the purpose of trying those accused of the worst international crimes.---War crimes, Genocide,etc.

Independent from UN in terms of funding and personnel.

Front 37

International Criminal Court

Limitations

Back 37

Cant impose the death penalty,

Front 38

International Criminal Court

Powers--

Back 38

can sentence life in prison, can force criminals to return gains.
---There are currently 105 member nations( U.S. and Israel not members) 41 other states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

Front 39

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

History and purpose

Back 39

Adopted Dec. 10th 1948 by the United Nations General Assembly

Front 40

FDR and “The Four Freedoms” speech

Back 40

speech and expression, worship god in his own way, freedom from want, and freedom from fear(worldwide reduction of arms so no nation has the power to attack another).

Front 41

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Preamble

Back 41

all members of the human family have freedom, justice, and preach in this world.

Front 42

Laws of Armed Conflict (LOAC)

Back 42

1) Military necessity—only those acts of war that will likely produce some military advantage.
2)humanity—May not cause more harm, destruction, and pain of enemy than is necessary for defeat
3)Chivalry—dishonorable means or conduct are forbidden

Front 43

What are NGOs?

Back 43

Non governmental Organizaions
There is no generally accepted definition of an NGO and the term carries different connotations in different circumstances.

Front 44

fundamental features. \

NGOs

Back 44

Clearly an NGO must be independent from the direct control of any government.
An NGO will not be constituted as a political party
it will be non-profit-making
it will be not be a criminal group, in particular it will be non-violent.

Front 45

an NGO is never constituted as:

Back 45

a government bureaucracy
a party
a company
a criminal organization
a guerrilla group.

Front 46

NGO often is defined as:

Back 46

an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis, for some common purpose, other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities.

Front 47

“ideal” NGO is a:

Back 47

Voluntary organization which is independent of government and all groups that seek direct political power, and does not itself seek such power.
These groups usually monitor government behavior and try to hold the government accountable to human rights standards.

Front 48

“Lack of citizen participation” – means what?

Back 48

o “The ‘lack of citizen participation” has become the critical aspect of the rising dissatisfaction with globalization.
oIn today’s world the international system shapes many issues of global policy that directly affect citizens; and people believe that they are democratically entitled to participate in decisions that affect their lives.
oAs a result, ‘people’ – through the voice of civil society – are increasingly demanding their say in the international system” (p. 4)

Front 49

Amnesty International – history

Back 49

1961 – Peter Benenson “Appeal for Amnesty”
today:
•Home office in London with a staff of more than 350 people
•More than 1 million members in more than 160 countries.
•More than 7,500 local chapters throughout the world
•National-level sections in 56 countries

Front 50

Amnesty International

Mandate

Back 50

Freeing prisoners of conscience
Making certain that political prisoners have fair and prompt trials
Abolishing the death penalty
Putting and end to extrajudicial executions and “disappearances.”
End:
•Torture
•Detention without charges
•Human rights abuses by armed opposition groups.

Front 51

Amnesty International

Strategies

Back 51

Bring human rights violations to public attention
Shame violators into compliance with Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Lobbies and campaigns for international treaties to stop human rights abuses
Its primary work is done by issuing reports detailing human rights violations.
•Summarized in press releases
•Printed for distribution
•Posted on their Web site.

Front 52

America’s attitude to human rights treaties

Back 52

•International Court of Jutsice (ICJ)
•Worst record of any Western country, not only in observing international human rights treaties, but in ratifying them…usually with reservations that almost undermine the specifications of the treaty.

Front 53

Human rights abuses in the US:

Back 53

•Police Brutality
•Violations in prisons
•The ill-treatment of asylum seekers
•The death penalty
•The use of arms, in particular, disabling stun belts and guns
•US uses international law when it works in its favor, and to discredit it when it does not

Front 54

The US has delayed ratifying:

Back 54

oThe Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
oInternational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
oThe Convention Against Torture
oInternational Convention on Civil Rights

Front 55

US has not ratified:

Back 55

oiternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
oThe American Convention on Human Rights

Front 56

US has not even signed:

Back 56

The Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture

The Inter-American convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons

The Inter-American Conventio to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence Against Women

Front 57

The problem with US & human rights

Back 57

throblem is that the US wishes to avoid the rulings of the Inter-American Court.

Front 58

U: Watering down the commitments it has made:

Back 58

•The International Covenant on Civil And Political Rights
•The Convention Against Torture
•International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
•Has not recognized the jurisdiction of: Human Rights Commission and The Committee Against Torture to hear individual’s complaints that their rights have been violated under the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention Against Torture.
•Has not ratified The Convention on the Rights of the Child

Front 59

Human Rights Watch

Back 59

o1978 – began as “Helsinki Watch”
oDesigned to monitor the compliance of Soviet bloc countries under the Helsinki Accords.

Front 60

The IRC Abroad

Back 60

•Emergency assistance
•Operating in 42 countries
•Post Conflict Development
•Networking with other NGOs and UN agencies

Front 61

REBUILDING LIVES IN PHOENIX

Back 61

•We resettle refugees
•Less than 1% of refugees resettled
•950 refugees a year
•One of 24 IRC U.S. resettlement offices

Front 62

WHO DO WE RESCUE?

Back 62

•Currently in Phoenix we resettle:
•Burundians, Iraqis, Burmese, Cubans, Bhutanese
•Free cases
•4th Quarter highest levels of admittance

Front 63

HOW DO WE RESCUE?

Back 63

•Core Services
•Employment Coordination
•Mental Health
•Community & Economic Development
•Immigration
•Anti-human trafficking

Front 64

5 Criteria for determining refugee status

Back 64

Must cross an international border
Cannot return to country of origin
Unable to return due to fear of persecution because of…
•race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

Front 65

Alert

Back 65

Arizona League to End Regional Trafficking

Front 66

Arizona League to End Regional Trafficking

Back 66

ALERT, a program of the International Rescue Committee - Phoenix, is a coalition representing law enforcement, faith based communities, non-profit organizations, social service agencies, attorneys, and concerned citizens.
Through education, outreach and a variety of programs and services ALERT strives to end the suffering and dehumanization of victims of human trafficking.

Front 67

According to The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000, Human Trafficking is:

Back 67

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of subjecting that person to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

Front 68

human trafficing

Back 68

Human Trafficking is SLAVERY
All trafficking involves work that is a result of force, fraud or coercion
Trafficking is a world-wide phenomenon
Any form of work can include victims of human trafficking
Although 14,500 to 17,500 foreign victims of trafficking enter the U.S. each year, many more are victims of domestic trafficking

Front 69

What are the fundamental elements

Restorative Justice

Back 69

oRestoration and Forgiveness
oFocuses on the relationship between the:
victim
offender
the community

Front 70

Restorative justice goes beyond forgiveness

Back 70

oIt includes apology and acknowledgement of responsibility by the offender.
It is not merely one person’s response, the victim’s; it is also relational and seeks reconciliation.

Front 71

Restorative Justice

Requires & relies:

Back 71

oRequires recognition of the wrong so that repair can be done
oRelies on the taking of responsibility for the wrong in a personal and social way.