Jung: Analytical Psychology

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Conscious

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Images sensed by the ego are said to be conscious. The ego thus represents the conscious side of personality, and in the psychologically mature individual, the ego is secondary to the self.

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Personal Unconscious

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The unconscious refers to those psychic images not sensed by the ego. Contains complexes.

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Collective Unconscious

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Collective unconscious images are those that are beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors. Collective unconscious images are not inherited ideas, but rather they refer to our innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited predisposition toward action.

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Persona

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the side of our personality that we show to others.

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Shadow

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the dark side of personality. In order for people to reach full psychological maturity, they must first realize or accept their shadow.

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Anima

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their feminine side

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Animu

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their masculine side.

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great mother

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(the archetype of nourishment and destruction);

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the wise old man

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(the archetype of wisdom and meaning)

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the hero

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(the image we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil but who has a single fatal flaw

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self

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the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection.

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The ultimate in psychological maturity

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self-realization, which is symbolized by the mandala, or perfect geometric figure.

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Dynamics of the Psyche

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Jung believed that the dynamic principles that apply to physical energy also apply to psychic energy. These forces include causality and teleology as well as progression and regression.

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Causality and Teleology

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humans are motivated both by their past experiences and by their expectations of the future.

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Progression

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involves adaptation to the outside world and the forward flow of psychic energy

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regression

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refers to adaptation to the inner world and the backward flow of psychic energy. Jung believed that the backward step is essential to a person's forward movement toward self-realization.

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Functions

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These two attitudes can combine with four basic functions to form eight general personality types. The four functions are: (1) thinking, or recognizing the meaning of stimuli; (2) feeling, or placing a value on something; (3) sensation, or taking in sensory stimuli; and (4) intuition, or perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness. Jung referred to thinking and feeling as rational functions and to sensation and intuition as irrational functions.

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(1) childhood

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lasts from birth until adolescence;

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(2) youth,

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the period from puberty until middle life, which is a time for extraverted development and for being grounded to the real world of schooling, occupation, courtship, marriage, and family;

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(3) middle life,

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from about 35 or 40 until old age and a time when people should be adopting an introverted, or subjective attitude

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(4) old age,

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which is a time for psychological rebirth, self-realization, and preparation for death.

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Self-Realization

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involves a psychological rebirth and an integration of various parts of the psyche into a unified or whole individual.

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Dream Analysis

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Jung believed that dreams may have both a cause and a purpose and thus can be useful in explaining past events and in making decisions about the future. "Big dreams" and "typical dreams," both of which come from the collective unconscious, have meanings that lie beyond the experiences of a single individual.

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Active Imagination

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Jung also used active imagination to arrive at collective images. This technique requires the patient to concentrate on a single image until that image begins to appear in a different form. Eventually, the patient should see figures that represent archetypes and other collective unconscious images.

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Critique of Jung

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Although Jung considered himself a scientist, many of his writings have more of a philosophical than a psychological flavor. As a scientific theory, it rates below average on its ability to generate research, but very low on its ability to withstand falsification. It is about average on its ability to organize knowledge but low on each of the other criteria of a useful theory.

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Concept of Humanity

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Because Jungian theory is a psychology of opposites, it receives a moderate rating on the issues of free will versus determinism, optimism versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology. It rates very high on unconscious influences, low on uniqueness, and low on social influences.