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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NADPH oxidase
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production of H2O2
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debranching enzyme releases
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free glucose, nonbranched glycogen doesn’t release free Glc
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responsible for excitotoxic effects of glumatate
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NMDA channel, voltage and ligand gates
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ligand gated glutamate channel
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AMPA and kainate receptors (both cation channels)
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safranin
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stains gram negatives red
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carbolfuchsin
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stains acid fast organisms red
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crystal violet
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stains gram positives blue
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methylene blue
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secondary stain in acid fast (stains non-acid fast organsisms)
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RET proto-oncogene
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growth factor receptor
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anti-Pol I
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marder for diffuse scleroderma
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location of Penicillin BP
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in the plamsa membrane
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staph alpha toxin
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pore-forming toxin
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pertussis toxin
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ribosylates Gi thereby stopping inhibtion of AC--> increased cAMP
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verotoxin
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EHEC, same mechanism of shiga toxin (60S subunit)
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sealing strands
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found in tight junctions
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von gierke's disease
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hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, lactic acidosis, ketosis
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HbA1c affected by
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RBC turnover, low turnover (disproportionately high number of old cells) --> high A1c levels, see this in folate/B12 def
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CO poisoning
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hypoxia, cherry red lips
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chronic lead poisoning
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anemia with basophilic stipling, neuropathy, ab pain
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chronic mercury poisoning
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CNS atrophy, gingivitis, gastritis, renal tubular changes
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site of collagen helical formation
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RER and golgi apparatus get triple helix self-assembly
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cleavage and crosslinking of collagen occur
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in the extracellular space
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reperfusion injury
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free radical damage
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identification
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unconscious adoptino of the characteristics or activities of another person, used to reduce pain of loss
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sublimation
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diversion of unacceptable impulses into acceptable outlets
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bumetanide
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loop diuretic
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alternative pathway of complement
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turned on by the surfaces of bacteria, Factor B is an activator protein in this pathway
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most abundant complement protein
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C3-->C3a (anaphylaxotoxin) and C3b (opsonin and clearance of IC)
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classical complement pathway
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activated by Ig (C1q binds IgG heavy chain)
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AA protein as in RA
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represents an enzymatically degraded form of SAA (serum amyloid-associated) protein hich is made in the liver
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"cytotoxic disease"
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type II hypersensitivity is a form
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atopic disease
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type I hypersensitivity
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contraction alkalosis
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loss of ECF with diuretics preferentially loses Na+ and Cl- not HCO3- so you get a proportional increase in HCO3 and thus alkalosis
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reiter's (reactive arthritis)
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conjunctivitis, arthritis, keatoderma blennorrhagica (papulosquamous skin rash on palms and soles), urethritis, circinate balanitis, occasionally aortitis
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osteomyelitis stuff
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IVDU = pseudomonas; chronic UTI = staph auresu; multiple sex partners = gonorrhoeae; sickle cell = salmonella; TB = vertebral osteomyelitis (potts)
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HBeAg
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marker of transmissibility - disappears after a few months
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Cardio
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Norepinephrine
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alpha 1 and beta 1 activity, very little beta 2 activity
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verapamil and heart failure
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verapamil has been associated with exacerbated CHF due to strong negative ionotropic effect
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amlodipine and felodipine
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most commonly used Ca channel blockers in patients with CHF
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iron and the heart
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hemochromatosis in heart can lead to cardiac failure
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digoxin and WPW Syndrome
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can lead to ventricular fibrillation via enhancing accessory conduction pathways
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right dominant heart circulation
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posterior descending branch originates from RCA which gives rise to the posterior interventricular septum
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left dominant heart circulation
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posterior descending branch originates from left circumflex a
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MV prolapase gender bias
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more women than men
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fragile X syndrome cardiac comorbidity
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MV prolapse and aortic root diilatation (may result in regurgitation)
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class IB antiarrhythmics
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lidocaine, tocainide, mexiletine
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resporption of distal clavicles
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hyperparathyroidism
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scalloping of vertebral bodies
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secondary to aortic aneurysm
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graft vascular disease
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develops years after transplantation and is due to intimal thickening of the coronary arteries without associated atheroma formation of significant inflammation, cannot be prevented with current immunosuppressive therapy
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hyaline vs hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
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hyaline associated with benign htn vs hyperplastic associated with malignant htn that results in onion-skinning
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Endocrine
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diabetic ketoacidosis
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hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, negative sodium balance (glycosuria causes increased excretion of sodium in the urine)
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fascia where thyroid lies
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pretrachial fascia
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GI
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daycare center diarrhea
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shigella if bloody, yersinia enterocolitica also
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yersinia enterocolitica
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diarrhea (may be bloody in severe cases), vomiting may be present, pseudoappendicitis, reactive arethritis, erythema nodosum, septicemia
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salmonella vs shigella
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salmonella has slower onset and more pronounced systemic symptoms
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intussesception vs volvulus age groups
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volvulus more likely in eldery, intussusception in young
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tropical sprue vs celiac sprue anatomy
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tropicalsprue is entire small bowel, celiac is proximal small bowel only
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blind loop syndrome
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obstruction causes bacteria buildup and malnutrition due to bacterial activity
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calcium absorption
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at the ileum
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most common outcome of hep B
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subclinical disease followed by complete recovery>acute (most recover)>healthy carriers>chronic infection
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orodysphagia
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from muscular or neurological disorders like stroke, ALS, muscular dystrophy or MG, cough hoarseness nasal regurgitation
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VIP
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acts on crypt cells in intestine
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Muscles of mastication
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temporalis
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backward movement of jaw
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digastric
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depress lower jaw
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lateral pterygoid
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move lower jaw forward
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mylohyoid
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depress lower jaw
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medial pterygoid
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elevate lower jaw
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carcinoma of pancreas
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very dilated biliary tree terminating in a blunt, nipple like obstruction at the lower end of the common bile duct
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choledocholithiasis
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gallstone becomes lodged in bile duct leading to charcot triad
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charcot triad
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RUQ pain, fever, jaundice indicative of cholangitis
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stones in gallbladd or cystic duct
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do not cause jaundice
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stones in cystic duct
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febrile, unrelenting RUQ pain and tenderness ,leukocytosis, mild elevations in bilirubin (flow of bile is not impeded)
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stones in common duct
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cause colicky pain and jaundice (flow of bile impeded)
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potentiate secretin-mediate bircarb secretion:
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CCK and Ach, but these do not cause bicarb secretion alone
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hyoscyamine
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anticholinergic to alleviate postprandial pain in IBS
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mesalamine
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5-ASA derivative for UC, not drug of choice for flare ups
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HEME
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tumors that cause erythrocytosis
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renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, meningioma, pheochromocytoma, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, adrenal adenoma
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eosinophilia in asthma
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mediated by IL-5
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neutrophilic leukocytosis
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mediated by IL-1 and TNF
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defects of platelet vesicle release or secondary aggregation
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due to storage pool disease and aspirin use
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storage pool disease
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MSK
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clawing of ring, forefinger, and little fingers
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ulnar nerve lesion
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DMD cardiac comorbidity
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dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction abnormalities
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myotonic dystrophy
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trinucleotide expansion
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myositis ossificans
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ossification following healing in site of muscle trauma, typically in athletic adolescents and young adults
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involvement of cervical spine in RA
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up to 80% of patients, 25% in atlanto-axial joint, if large amount of subluxation is present then might get quadraplegia and even sudden death
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ankhylosing spondylitis complications
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AV block, bladder and bowel problems, uveitis, pulmonary fibrosis, psoriasis, IBD
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lytic and blastic lesions in bone
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breast cancer mets
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lytic lesions in bone
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kidney, lung, and thyroid cancer mets
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muscle innervated by superficial peroneal nerve
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peroneus longus, suspect injury when you lose sensation in the dorsum of the foot
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skeletal muscle relaxants
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cyclobenzaprine
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centrally acting, structurally related to TCAs, strong anticholinergic side effect profile
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baclofen
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centrally acting, inhibition of monsynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes at the spinal level
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methocarbamol
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general CNS depressant
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diclofenac
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NSAID
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ketorolac
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NSAID
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rofecoxib
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selective cox 2 inhibitor
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celecoxib
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COX-2 inhibitor and sulfa drug
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tramadol
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centrally acting analgesic compound with action at mu opiate receptor, doesn’t cause much respiratory depression, use for moderate to severe pain
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dorsal interosseus
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abductors of fingers
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palmar interosseus
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adductors of fingers
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most common site for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
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head and nexk, other sites include GU tract (such as sarcoma botyroides) and extremeties
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primary osteoporosis
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postmenopausal women
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secondary osteoporosis
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other causes
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myasthenia gravis autoantibodies
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anti-nAChR, anti MuSK (muscle specific kinase) in a secondary form which results in decreased NMJ patency
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MG exacerbated by antibiotic:
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aminoglycosides which have curare like side effects
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osteomalacia bone histology
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seams of uncalcified osteoid increased osteoblasts
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paget dz bone histology
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thickening of bony trabeculae with irregularly arranged cement lines (mosaic pattern)
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unicameral bone cyst
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a long bone contains a cystic space filled with fluid lined with connective tissue granulation tissue collagen and histiocytes
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hyperphosphatemia effect on vitamin D
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directly inhibits the production of 1,25 dihyrdoycholecalciferol
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posterior tibial artery
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feeds posterior leg and plantar foot
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NEURO
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neurotransmitter for induction of REM sleep
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acetylcholine
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oculomotor nerve
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innervates levator palpebrae superioris - elevates the eyelid; oculomotor lso has parasympathetic fibers that synpse in ciliary ganglion to innervate the sphincter pupillae muscle which constricts the pupil - lesion of this causes eyelid drooping and mydriasis
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pathognomonic for INO
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inability to adduct the right eye on left lateral gaze
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stroke in endocarditis
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PARIETAL LOBE --> may result in spatial recognition problems
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meningism
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triad of: nuchal rigidity, photophobia, headache
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herpes simplex encephalitis
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subacute onset with meningismus, headache, personality changes
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Cranial Nerve Nuclei
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medulla
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IX, X, XI, XII
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pons
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V VI VII VIII
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midbrain
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III, IV
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medial nuclei
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motor
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lateral nuclei
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sensory
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axillary nerve innervation
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deltoid and teres minor muscles
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DRG contain
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nerve cell bodies of primary sensory afferents for proprioception, discriminative touch, and vibration, send axons up ipsilateral dorsal column
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primary afferents for pain and temp
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cell body in DRG, synapse in ipsilateral dorsal hron, cross in the anterior white commissure, ascend in the contralateral spinothalamic tract
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multinucleated giant cells in brain
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HIV encephalitis
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CMV in brain
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tropism for ependymal cells (seen in ependymal and periventricular locations)
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vacuolar myelopathy
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degeneration of of posterior columns and LCST
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site of most arachnoid cysts
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sylvian fissure
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sylvian fissure
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lateral fissure (as opposed to central fissure separating parietal from frontal lobes)
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jamais vu
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failure to recognize famiiar events that have been encountered before
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appendicular ataxia
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cerebellar hemispheres
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truncal ataxia
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cerebellar vermis
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prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize faces, bilateral lesion of visual association cortex
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anosagnosia
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deficit of cognition in ones own illness, lesions in nondominant parietal lobe
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ganser syndrome
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giving approximate answers instead of exact ones, most commonly seen in prison inmates
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central chromatolysis
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loss of histological staining in lower motor neurons whose axons have been damaged as by injury to ventral roots
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lewy body composition
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alpha-synuclein
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salivation innervation
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chorda tympani from VII controls salivation from submandibular and sublingual glands, parotid gland is IX
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lacrimal gland
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VII
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Ki-67
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nuclear factor used to measure neoplastic replicative activity
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