Judaism Exam 1

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Aliyah:

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Lit. Ascension. (1) Reading from the Torah; (2) Emigrating to Israel (generally referred to in English as making aliyah and pronounced ah-lee-AH).

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Ashkenazic Jews:

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Jews from eastern France, Germany, and Eastern Europe and their descendants.

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Ba’al Shem:

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Lit. master of the good name. Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer.The founder of Hasidism.

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Bar Mitzvah:

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Lit. son of the commandment. A boy how has achieved the age of 13 and is consequently obligated to observe the commandments. Also, a ceremony, marking the fact that a boy has achieved this age.

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Bat Mitzvah :

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Lit. daughter of the commandment. A girl who has achieved the age of 12 and is consequently obligated to observe the commandments. Also, a ceremony marking the fact that a girl has achieved this age.

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Berakhah (B’RUHKH-kha; b’ruhkh-KHAH); pl. Berakhot (b’ruhkh-KHOHT):

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A blessing. A prayer beginning with the phrase barukh atah (blessed art Thou).

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Gemara (g’-MAHR-uh):

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Commentaries on the Mishna. The Mishna and the Gemara together are the Talmud.

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Gematria:

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A field of Jewish mysticism that finds hidden meanings in the numerical value of words.

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Haphtarah :

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Lit. conclusion. A reading from the Prophets, read along with the weekly Torah portion.

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Halacha:

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Lit. the path that one walks. Jewish law. The complete body of rules and practices that Jews are bound to follow, including biblical commandments, commandments instituted by the rabbis, and binding customs.

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Hasidism (KHAH-sid-ism); Hasidic (khah-SID-ic):

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From the word Hasid, meaning “pious.” A branch of Orthodox Judaism that maintains a lifestyle separate from the non-Jewish world.

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Jew:

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A person whose mother was a Jew or who has converted to Judaism.

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Kabbalah (kuh-BAH-luh):

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Lit. tradition. Jewish mystical tradition.

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Kashrut:

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From a root meaning fit, proper, or correct. Jewish dietary laws.

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Kippah (KEY-puh):

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The skullcap head covering worn by Jews during services, and by some Jews at alltimes, more commonly known as a yarmulke.

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Kosher (KOH-sher):

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Lit. fit, proper, or correct.

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Maimonides (mahy-MAH-ni-dees):

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Rabbi Moshe be Maimon, one of the greatest medieval Jewish scholars. Commonly referred to by the acronym “Rambam.”

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Mezuzah (m’-ZOO-zuh; m’ZU-zuh):

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Lit. doorpost. A case attached to the doorposts of houses, containing a scroll with passages of scripture written on it. The procedure and prayers for affixing the mezuzah is available.

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Midrash (MID-rash):

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From a root meaning “to study,” “to seek out,” or “to investigate.” Stories elaborating on incidents in the Bible, to derive a principle of Jewish law or provide a moral lesson.

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Mikvah (MIK-vuh):

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Lit. gathering. A ritual bath used for spiritual purification. . . . used in conversion rituals.

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Mishna (MISH-nuh):

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An early written compilation of Jewish oral tradition, the basis of the Talmud.

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Mitzvah (MITS-vuh); pl: Mitzvot (mits-VOHT):

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Lit. commandment. Any of the 613 commandments that Jews are obligated to observe. It can also refer to any Jewish religious obligation or, more generally, to any good deed.

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Noahic Commandments:

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7 commandments given to Noah after the flood, . . . binding on both non-Jews and Jews.

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Rabbi (RA-bahy) :

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A religious teacher and man authorized to make decisions on issues of Jewish law.

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Sephardic Jews:

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Jews from Spain, Portugal, North Africa, and the Middle East and their descendants.

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Synagogue:

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From a Greek root meaning “assembly.” The most widely accepted term for a Jewish house of worship.

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Tallit (TAH-lit; TAH-lis):

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A shawl-like garment worn during morning services, with tzitzit (long fringes) attached to the corners as a reminder of the commandments. Sometimes called a prayer shawl.

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Talmud (TAH-lit kuh-TAHN):

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The most significant collection of the Jewish oral tradition interpreting the Torah.

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Tanach (tuhn-AHKH):

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Acronym of Torah (Law), Neviim (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings). Written Torah; what non-Jews call the Old Testament.

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Tefillin (t’-FEE-luh):

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Phylacteries. Leather pouches containing scrolls with passages of scripture, used to fulfill the commandment to bind the commandments to our hands and between our eyes.

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Torah (TOH-ruh):

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In its narrowest sense, Torah, the five books of the bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, sometimes called Pentateuch. In its broadest sense, Torah is the entire body of Jewish teachings.

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Tzaddik (TSAH-deek):

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Lit. righteous person. The leader of a Hasidic community, often believed to have special, mystical power. Also called a rebbe.

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tzitzit (TZIT-sit):

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Fringes attached to the corners of garments as a reminder of the commandments.

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Yad (YAHD):

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Lit. hand. Hand-shaped pointer used while reading from Torah scrolls.

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Yarmulke:

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skullcap . . . worn by Jews during services and by some Jews at all times. Also known as a kippah.

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Zohar (zoh-HAHR):

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the primary written work on the mystical tradition of Kabbalah.

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Apocrypha

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sacred books of the Jewish people which were not included in the Hebrew Bible

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Jamnia

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A place near Joppa where, about A.D. 90, a council of rabbis declared the O.T. canon to be completed, ending the process of adding more.

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Masoretic Text

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From the Hebrew masora, meaning traditional. The traditional Hebrew text of the Old Testament was the result of the standardization and stabilization decreed by the council of Jamnia, held about A.D. 90.

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Pseudepigrapha

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The word refers to certain noncanonical writings purported to have come from biblical characters, and refers to books of ancient Jewish literature outside the canon and the apocrypha.

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Septuagint

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The Greek translation O.T. (so called because Jewish tradition said it was made in 70 days by 72 elders sent from Jerusalem)

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Dead Sea Scrolls

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In 1947 in an area known as Qumram, near the northwest corner of the Dead Sea, some significant rolls of leather and a few copper manuscripts were found preserved in earthen jars in some dark caves.

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2,000-1,700 B.C

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Era of the Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob)

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1,700 - 1650 B.C.

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Jacob and family live in Egypt with Joseph. Joseph dies and Israel taken into bondage.

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1400 B.C.

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Moses born.

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1300 B.C.

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Exodus from Egypt.Law of Moses given, covenant renewed at Sinai. Israel enters Promised Land 40 years later.

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1250-1050 B.C.

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Period of the Judges

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1050 B.C.

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United Kingdom (Saul, David and Solomon)

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930 B.C.

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Divided Kingdom (righteous from northern tribes go south)

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721 B.C.

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Assyrians take the 10 Tribes Captive

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701 B.C.

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Sennacherib tries to capture Jerusalem, but fails.

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586 B.C.

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Babylonian Captive. Judah is exiled.

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538 B.C.

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Decree of Cyrus for the Return of the Jews

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332 B.C.

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Greek influence on Judah

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165 B.C.

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Jews in Israel are independent. (Hannukah Celebration)

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63 B.C.

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Pompey and Rome enter land of Judah

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70 A.D.

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Destruction of Second Temple in Jerusalem (Johannah ben Zakkai)

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90 A.D.

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Old Testament is canonized at Jamnia (Rabbi Akiba)

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132-135 A.D

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Bar-Kochba Revolt (Diaspora) Jews can’t enter Jerusalem

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Jewish belief of God's nature

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“He has no body, no relatives, no human needs.”
1. God is the Creator of the universe.
2. God is one.
3. God has no body, form, or likeness.
4. God is eternal

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How many books are in the Hebrew bible?

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24

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What make up the "Prophets"?

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Nevi’im
Joshua, Judges1 Samuel & 2 Samuel (One Book)1 Kings & 2 Kings (One Book)= Former Prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel= Latter Prophets Hosea to Malachi (12 books in 1 book, = the minor prophets

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What make up the "Writings"?

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Ketuvim
Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Ruth, Esther, Daniel, Lamentations 1 & 2 Chronicles = one book Ezra & Nehemiah = one book

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Simhat torah

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a celebration marking the conclusion of the annual cycle of public Torah readings

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hannukah

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is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple (the Second Temple) in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt

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taryag

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613 mitzvot in the torah

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Tannaim

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the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah

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amoraim

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renowned Jewish scholars who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral law

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Rabbi Judah the Prince

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editor of the mishna

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What are the six orders of the mishna?

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agriculture
Sabbath and Festivals
marriage
civil law
sacrificial system
ritual impurity

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Halakah

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the collective body of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law, as well as customs and traditions.

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Aggadah

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nonlegal material in Jewish literature: history, morals, medicine, folklore, legends, stories, etc.

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savoraim

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leading rabbis living from the end of period of the Amoraim (around 500 CE) to the beginning of the Geonim

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Geonim

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heads of Babylonian schools
made the Babylonian Talmud authoritative.

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yeshiva

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an institution in classical Judaism for the study of its traditional, central texts

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shulan arukh

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clearer code of law written by rabbi Caro

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Philo

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most notable jewish philosopher

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Moses Maimonides

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preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the greatest Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.

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Moses Mendelssohn

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a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment) is indebted. He has been referred to as the father of Reform Judaism

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Nachman Kohen Krochmal

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a Jewish Austrian philosopher, theologian, and historian.

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Moses Cordovero

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Wrote Pardis Rimmonim, an extensive work on mysticism

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En Sof

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"without limit"
A mystical belief that God cannot be comprehended.

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Ten Sefirot

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The original emanations of God

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cantor

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leads the congregation in prayer

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Tzedakah

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the religious obligation to perform charity, and philanthropic acts

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gemilut hasadim

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concept embracing all good deeds done on behalf of others

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hafetz Hayyim

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an important jewish teacher

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kavvanah

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having the correct thoughts and motives for doing mitzvot