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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Israelite
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“a descendant of the patriarch Jacob.”
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Hebrew
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Hebrew seems to have been the name the ancient Israelites used for themselves when speaking with outsiders or outsiders used when referring to the Israelites. Some scholars argue that Hebrew means “children of Eber,” an ethnic term.
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Jew
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Jew comes from the Latin Judaeus. It is derived from the Hebrew Yehudi. It means “one who lives in Judah.”
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TaNaK
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The Hebrew Bible (called Tanak)
- is the sacred book that interprets history as Jews have experienced it. - is the foundation on which a Jewish life is built. It traces God’s activities in establishing a nation of Jewish families responsible to demonstrate God’s requirements and blessings for all people of the earth.. |
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Torah
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1. the TORAH meaning “law,” “instruction,” “teaching.” It consists of five books or scrolls; the Mosaic books, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Sometimes the Torah is called Pentateuch (in Greek: five scrolls).
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The Torah IS:
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- a narrative, an account of events from the Creation of the World to the death of Moses. It describes the origins of the nations of the earth, the beginnings of the people of Israel, the lives of Hebrew Patriarchs and Matriarchs, the enslavement of the Jews in Egypt, their deliverance and the revelations of God’s will.
- it sets forth a doctrine concerning a one and universal God; the Creator of all things, the Lawgiver, liberator, and Redeemer of men. - it outlines an ethic of justice -it prescribes rituals, holy days, festive seasons, pertinent forms of worship and observances - it promulgates a code of law, civil and criminal |
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Nevi'im
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Second part of Hebrew Bible "Prophets"
- the first one is called the Former Prophets (Joshua, First and Second Samuel): it concentrates on the history of the Israelite kingdom - the second part is called the Latter Prophets: the voices of the individual prophets tend to predominate (for instance Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel). The content is more visionary and moral in tone. |
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Ketuvim
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The third part of the Hebrew Bible is the Writings (KETUVIM). It contains short stories, proverbs, reflections on life, hymns (psalm) lyrics, and poetry
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Abraham
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Born in (Ur) Iraq. Entered covenant with God in Haran (Turkey) and promised only to worship him in exchange for land and protection. Underwent circumcision as sign of covenant.
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Isaac
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Son of Abraham whom Abraham is asked to kill by God to test his faith. God stops him before doing so.
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Jacob
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Son of Isaac.
Jacob was given the name Israel, “one who has wrestled/struggled with God.” Jacob received the new name after wrestling all night with a being who turned out to be an angel of God. |
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Moses
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Was raised by God to lead the Israeli's from slavery in Egypt to the homeland of Canaan.
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Exodus of Egypt
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The movement of the israelis from slavery in Egypt to Canaan. They were allowed to go after a series of plagues ravaged Egypt caused by God.
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Passover
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Jewish celebration of the Exodus of Egypt.
Passover means that God “has passed” over Egypt. The last and greatest of the plagues was the death of the first-born children of the Egyptians. The Israelites were spared because they had marked the doors of their homes with the blood of a substitute – a sacrificial lamb. |
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Philistines
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Seafaring people who migrated from Crete to Canaan shortly after the Israelites entered the land. They were armed with iron weapons and became the dominant power in the region after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire around 1100 BCE. Also attacked Israeli's
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Saul
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The priest Samuel anointed one of Israel’s tribal chieftains, Saul, as the nation’s first king.
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David
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Second King of Israel.
David created a mini-empire. Israel under his rule dominated much of Syria-Palestine and extended in land to the upper Euphrates. This period of time is considered by the Jewish community as the golden age. David made his capital in Jerusalem, a small city he had conquered from its Canaanite ruler. There he started building a permanent, central sanctuary for Yahweh. Solomon completed the Temple. |
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Solomon
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3rd King is Israel, son of David.
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Solomon's Temple
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Started by David, completed by Solomon. Permanent central sanctuary for Yaweh.
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After the death of Solomon (10th c. BCE) Israel was divided into two kingdoms. What are they?
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Israel in the north and Judah in the south.
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Who destroyed the kingdom of Israel?
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Assyrians in 722 BCE
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Isaiah
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Most famous prophet.
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Prophets Message:
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- when people are obedient to God the nation flourishes. When they are not loyal, catastrophe strikes.
- God was the God of all nations, not just the Israelites. The Prophets forced Israel to see that they did not own God nor the land of promise. God would use the other nations, if necessary, to punish Israel for any failure to keep the covenant. - God will not give up easily on the people. - God will send a Messiah, or anointed one, who will be a descendant of David and restore the Davidic kingdom in all its glory. At the end of the world, the fortunes of the nation of Israel or its remnants will be restored and all nations will live together in peace. Thanks to the nation of Israel, other nations will see the presence of God. |
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Who destroyed the First Temple?
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Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylonia) When? 586 BCE
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Babylonian Exile (586 BCE)
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Jews exiled from Judah into Babylonia.
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Consequences of the Exile
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Assimilation of Jews. Loss of rituals. Sabbath.
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Cyrus
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ruler of Persia, took Babylonia, allowed Jews to return in 6th c. BCE
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Diaspora
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Jews who preferred to stay where they had moved to.
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Septuagint
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Hebrew Bible translated into Greek.
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When did the Romans take over?
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63 BCE
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Sadducees
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the Sadducees were the first of the factions to emerge. They were members of the priestly families, living primarily in Jerusalem. They were powerful landowners, in charge of the Temple and its activities. They tended to cooperate with the occupiers of Palestine. They considered only the written Torah as binding, ignored the Oral Torah, rejected the other books of the Hebrew Bible, denying both resurrection and a judgement in the afterlife. According to them, only the priests could interpret the Torah.
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Essenes
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The Essenes were the most conservative. They led an ascetic celibate life withdrawn from the Jewish religious establishment in Jerusalem which they believed was corrupt. It seems that they have produced the documents known as the Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947. These documents indicate a passionate rejection of the Jerusalem priesthood, apocalyptic expectations of Israel’s imminent cleansing, and faith in life after death.
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Pharisees
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They emphasized daily religious routine and relied heavily on the scriptures for devotional guidance. They accepted as canonical a wider number of books than did the Sadducees. They valued the oral Torah or tradition that accompanied the written Torah. They held that all Israelites, even non-priests, were eligible to interpret the Torah, as long as they had mastered both the written and oral law and accepted them as divine. They also taught that all pharisees should observe the laws of diet and ritual purity that the written Torah required only of priests.
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Zealots
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They sought to rid Judea of Roman occupation. This form of Judaism was traceable to the Maccabees. They campaigned for Jewish independence and a resurrection of the great Israelite monarchy. They precipitated a rebellion which resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 CE.
To this day, the temple has not been rebuilt. Only the Western Wall of the platform survives. |
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Destruction of the Second Temple
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70 CE. To this day, the temple has not been rebuilt. Only the Western Wall of the platform survives.
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rabbi
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the power of leadership shifted from the priests to the teachers called rabbis. The word Rabbi (“my master”) probably emerged in the first century CE as a title for a person of learning who could interpret scriptures for others.
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synagogue
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A place set apart for Jewish worship.
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Oral Torah
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Teachings orally taught that were passed down by God to later generations.
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midrash
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Interpretative work on the Tanak by rabbis, called midrash (“seeking out, search, interpret”), started during the first five centuries CE. Midrashic commentaries are line-by-line interpretation of the Biblical text. It provides information on the context.
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Talmud
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The time of the compilation of the Mishnah can be called the first stage of Talmudic formation. The second phase of Talmudic formation is the development of a commentary of the Mishnah. The result of this work was called the Gemara (“tradition,” “ completion”). The Gemara combined with the Mishnah form the Talmud.
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The most complete Talmud is the Babylonian Talmud
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600 CE
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Ashkenaz
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In 800 CE, Charlemagne, crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, saw the important contribution that Jews could make to the economic and scholarly life of the empire. He encouraged their emigration. These Jews of Germany and France came to be known as Ashkenaz.
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Sepharad
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Jews who fled Spain into the Middle East were called Sepharads.
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Kabbalah
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Jewish mysticism took the form of the Kabbalah (tradition, received, handed down).
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Zohar
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The central work of the Kabbalah was the Zohar (Book of Splendor) -- 1300, a mystical commentary on the Torah. The Zohar portrays God as a boundless energy (En Sof) from which emanated ten spheres or sephiroth, such as wisdom, beauty, and strength.
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Hasidism
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Israel ben Eliezer (18th c.) known as BESHT ("Master of the Good Name")
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Tzaddik
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Israel ben Eliezer became a model for the Hasidic notion of the Tzaddik (Righteous One). The Tzaddik was no ordinary man but one chosen by God as a direct link between heaven and earth.
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Haskalah movement
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Haskalah means Enlightenment.
Moses Mendelssohn, a German Jewish intellectual, believed that German Jews should interact with their host culture. He translated the Hebrew scriptures in German. The American and the French revolutions promised freedom and justice for Jews as for other citizens. Many Jews gave up their distinctive religious traditions to live a new, secular life. |
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Orthodox Judaism
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- Jews can participate in secular life. - the oral and Written Torahs are the direct word or commandment of God revealed to moses on the mountain. - commandments of the Torah should be strictly followed - leadership and rituals are restricted to men - Orthodox synagogues separate males and females - for a service to take place, there must be a quorum (minyan) of ten Jewish males - Services are conducted completely in Hebrew and led by male rabbis - only males may celebrate the coming-of-age ceremony (bar mitsvah) - Men at prayer use the prayer shawl and at weekday morning prayer use the tefillin - males must keep their heads covered as a reminder that God is above all - Orthodox Jews closely follow rules that prohibit any manual labor |
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Reform Judaism
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- In German synagogues rabbis began reading the Sabbath liturgy in German rather than Hebrew
- the Talmud is a human historical tradition - the idea of the coming of a messiah who would lead Jews back to a restored Israel was dropped. To be a Jew is not to be a people tied to a specific land but a “religious community.” Reform houses of worship are called “temples.” This means that the temple is in whatever place the Jewish community gathers, not just in Jerusalem. - Reformers downplayed Judaism’s ritual dimensions. * men and women sat together * the prayer shawl (tallith) and the head covering were disregarded *some of the dietary restrictions were declared obsolete. Commitment to the ethical teachings of the Torah is more important than adhering to the dietary laws. Individuals decide for themselves which of the Sabbath rituals have spiritual meaning. |
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Conservative Judaism
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Conservative Jews look for a middle ground. They sympathize with the concept of an evolving tradition. They recognize that change has always been part of the religion. For instance the temple sacrifices ceased after the destruction of the second temple but the Talmud was written. They believe that modification in Jewish ritual must grow organically from the life experience of the people, not by reform rabbis’ decrees.
The Conservative trend is quite strong in America. Conservative synagogues retain the head covering and prayer shawl. They affirm the importance of dietary laws. But they have mixed seating. Conservative Judaism permits driving to the synagogue (only to the synagogue) on the Sabbath. The Conservative Jews have initially opposed the ordination of women as rabbis, but now accept it. |
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Zionism
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1. Zionism (Zion is a symbolic name for Jerusalem)
The founding figure of Zionism was Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), a Viennese Jew. He organized the political Zionist movement after covering the famous Dreyfus trial in France. Alfred Dreyfus was a captain in the French army and was falsely convicted of treason. According to Herzl, the institutions of the liberal state could not protect the Jews in Europe from persecution. In 1896, he published The Jewish State, in which he called for a separate state in which the Jews of the world might be assured of those rights and liberties that they should have enjoyed in the liberal states of Europe. Rabbinic strategy of accommodation or Reform strategy of assimilation were not solutions to the Jewish plight. In 1897, the First Zionist Congress convened. In 1901 the Jewish National Fund raised funds to purchase a homeland. In 1911, this organization began a modest program of colonizing Palestine. At the end of WWI in 1917 the British government, after much foot-dragging |
