J.r Tucker Ap Psychology Term List

Front 1

Aaron Becks view of Depression

Back 1

He pioneered the Cognitive theory of depression which says that negative thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs lead to depression.

Front 2

Absolute Threshold

Back 2

Smallest detectable level of a stimulus that needs to be present.

Front 3

Achievement vs. Aptitude

Back 3

Achievement tests developed skills or knowledge on a certain subject while aptitude tests your future abilities in a certain area.

Front 4

Action vs. Resting Potential

Back 4

Action potential is when a neuron sends a signal down it's axon to communicate with another neuron. The resting potential is before the action potential occurs when there is nothing going on.

Front 5

Ainsworth Strange Situation. (Paradigm)

Back 5

Study done on attachment.
Children between 12-18 months responding to a situation where they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mothers. Based on the experiment it was concluded that there were three styles of attachment:
1. Secure attachment
2. Insecure attachment
3. Avoidance insecure attachment

Front 6

Aaron Becks view of Depression

Back 6

He pioneered the Cognitive theory of depression which says that negative thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs lead to depression.

Front 7

Absolute Threshold

Back 7

Smallest detectable level of a stimulus that needs to be present.

Front 8

Achievement vs. Aptitude

Back 8

Achievement tests developed skills or knowledge on a certain subject while aptitude tests your future abilities in a certain area.

Front 9

Action vs. Resting Potential

Back 9

Action potential is when a neuron sends a signal down it's axon to communicate with another neuron. The resting potential is before the action potential occurs when there is nothing going on.

Front 10

Ainsworth Strange Situation. (Paradigm)

Back 10

Study done on attachment.
Children between 12-18 months responding to a situation where they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mothers. Based on the experiment it was concluded that there were three styles of attachment:
1. Secure attachment
2. Insecure attachment
3. Avoidance insecure attachment

Front 11

Bandura: Learning theory and Bobo Doll experiment

Back 11

-Came up with modeling or observational learning.
- He showed kindergardeners a video of a lady punching a bobo doll and then let into a room with a bobo doll and the kids proceeded to beat up the doll just as they saw in the video. He called this modeling or observational learning.

Front 12

Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy ( RET)

Back 12

Views humans as always striving to remain alive and to achieve happiness but they are prone to adopting irrational beliefs and behaviors that get in the way of that goal. So RET uses the ABC framework to help people get over irrational beliefs.
A- clarifying the events that caused these beliefs.
B- our irrational beliefs
C- the consequences of these beliefs.

Front 13

Adler: Inferiority complex

Back 13

Adler was a Neo-Freudian who came up with the idea of inferiority complex. This is when someone feels that they are inferior or better than others in some way. It is subconscious and drives the person to overcompensate resulting in good achievement or bad or abnormal behavior. This complex often effects a person life in some way.

Front 14

Altruism

Back 14

Behavior that is unselfish and may even be harmful to the person doing the act but benefits others.
Ex- Firefighters who died in 9/11

Front 15

All or nothing law of neurons

Back 15

Action potential uses "all or nothing", which means that once a neuron fires, it cannot be stopped.
Ex- Toilet- once you push the handle you cannot stop it from spinning.

Front 16

Amnesia
(anterograde and retrograde)

Back 16

-Loss or memory. Usually only a partial loss such as for a period of time or loss of biographical information.
- Anterograde: loss of the ability to form new memories after the accident.
-Retrograde- Unable to remember things that happened before the accident.

Front 17

Anxiety

Back 17

The physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger, whether real or imagined.

Front 18

Anxiety disorder

Back 18

Disorders characterized by intense fear that disturbs ones life, mood, thoughts and behavior. Includes: GAD, OCD, Panic Disorder, Phobias, PTSD, Acute Stress Disorder.

Front 19

Apparent Notion
( Phi Phenomenon)

Back 19

The illusion of movement when something such as lights are seen in rapid succession and sometimes in slightly different positions.

Front 20

Arousal

Back 20

a state of responsiveness to sensory stimulation or excitability.

Front 21

Artificial Intelligence

Back 21

The ability of a computer or other machine to perform activities that are normally thought to require intelligence.

Front 22

Asch conformity study
ABC

Back 22

Asch Bar Conformity.
1950 study done to see under what conditions will people conform. Asch found that people tend to conform when everyone agrees on a certain thing in the group. People tend to conform less when they have someone who agrees with them.

Front 23

Attachment

Back 23

- Ainsworth- "Strange Situation"
- Strong bond a child forms with his or her caregiver. Three different types:
1. Secure- Child becomes distressed when separated from caregiver but happy when they returns. Caregiver meets the child needs.
2. Avoidance: Child shows no care if caregiver is there. May result from abusive or neglectful caregivers. Child is hurt for relying on the caregiver so they learn not to.
3. Ambivalent: Child becomes very upset when parent leaves and stays upset even when parent returns. Usually uncommon and this results from the child not being able to depend on caregiver continually.

Front 24

Attribution theory

Back 24

People look for explanations of behavior, they either attribute it with disposition(internal) factors or situation(external) factors.

Front 25

aversive conditioning

Back 25

Pairing a negative behavior with a negative stimuli in hopes of changing negative behavior.

Front 26

Bell curve

Back 26

Also referred to as a normal distribution or normal curve, a bell-shaped curve is a perfect mesokurtic curve where the mean, median, and mode are equal.

Front 27

Whorf's theory of linguistic relativism

Back 27

Our language determines how we perceive the world and think.
Ex- Some english words are not the same in Chinese.

Front 28

binocular depth cue

Back 28

Where both eyes are needed. Two Bino cues are:
-Convergence
-Retinal Disparity

Front 29

Binocular Disparity
(retinal disparity)

Back 29

When each eye sees a image and they are both sent to the brain for interpretation and then the distance between the two images shows the distance of the object. This gives the illusion of 3D.

Front 30

Blind spot

Back 30

The spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye(retina) and goes towards the brain.

Front 31

Blood brain barrier

Back 31

A physical mechanism that alters the permeability of the brain capillaries so that some drugs are prevented from entering the brain while others are allowed.

Front 32

Brainstorming

Back 32

designed to generate a large number of ideas to solve a problem or come up with creative ideas.

Front 33

Broca's aphasia

Back 33

Broca's area is in the left fromtal lobe in the cerebral cortex and it controls motor aspects of speech. When it is destroyed or damaged the person looses the ability to speech but can fully understand speech.

Front 34

What causes the bystander effect?

Back 34

- A large group because people feel that someone else will take care of it.
- Fear of being humiliated if you do reach out because you will misinterpret the situation.
- Ignorance of the emergency of the situation.

Front 35

Cannon’s critique of James-Lange theory

Back 35

He had five reason which were mostly about the connection of the internal structure of the body, the CNS and the perception of emotions.
1. Emotions were still experienced when the connections from the CNS and the Internal structures of the body were severed.
2. There were noted changed in the body organs to different emotions.
3. Internal organs were very unspecific and insensitive.
4. The internal organs changed when one is presented with an external stimulus are slower than the emotional reaction.
5. Shot of artificial stimulation like insulin do not change emotion.

Front 36

Carl Rogers: Person Centered theory

Back 36

Rogers was a humanistic and came up with the idea that a psychologist should make the client feel comfortable, in a non judgmental environment by showing true empathy and unconditional positive regard towards the patient while keeping a non- directive approach. This is usually used as a form of psychotherapy because it does not direct the patient towards recovery.

Front 37

Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory

Back 37

1. He did not incorporate females into his theory
2. He didn't account for different cultures

Front 38

Chaining

Back 38

Used in Behavioral psych as a instructional procedure. It is used to reinforce individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior, used usually for training behavioral sequence. Breaking a complex procedure into small steps. Like job training.

Front 39

Chunking

Back 39

Grouping items together in your STM memory so that they become encoded into your LTM.

Front 40

Classical Conditioning

Back 40

Behavioral technique of pairing a naturally occurring stimulus(UCS) and its response(UCR) with a different stimulus(CS) in order to produce a response(CR) which is not naturally occurring.
Ex- Pavlov's dogs would salivate(UCS) when food(UCR) was shown, then the food was paired with a bell and then eventually the bell(CS) alone would cause the salivation(CR).

Front 41

Difference between classical and operant conditioning.

Back 41

In operant there is already a behavior that is either being reinforced or stopped while in CC the response stays the same while the trigger or stimulus is changed.

Front 42

Neutral Stimulus

Back 42

A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. In CC, when used with a UNS the NS becomes a CS. In Pavlov's dogs the bell in the beginning would be the NS, it means nothing in the beginning but soon when paired with the food becomes the CS.

Front 43

Clever Hans

Back 43

His experiment demonstrated the need for strict controls on animal experiments, including double blinding. The Clever Hans effect is when the human participants or researchers subconsciously communicate to the animal the behavior desired to prove the hypothesis and this can invalidate the experiment.

Front 44

Cognitive Development

Back 44

Theory about the nature and development of human intelligence by Jean Piaget. Also known as developmental stage theory

Front 45

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 45

Realization of contradictions in one's own attitudes and behaviors, this usually causes uncomfortable tension within one's self.

Front 46

Different types of color blindness

Back 46

Monochromatic- people only see shades or gray because they lack cones.
Dichromatic- difficulty seeing shades of red/green and yellow/blue because of a deficiency with cones.

Front 47

Complementary colors

Back 47

Red/green
Blue/yellow
Black/while

Front 48

Four types of conflicts in motivation

Back 48

Approach-Approach: choose between two desirable things
Approach-Avoidance: when one goals or outcome has both positive and negative parts
Avoidance- Avoidance: choosing between two unattractive outcomes
Multiple approach-avoidance: choosing between two or more things, where each has both desirable and undesirable features.

Front 49

Conformity

Back 49

-Changing your attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, or behaviors in order to be more consistent with others.
- Asch experiment

Front 50

Consciousness

Back 50

Awareness of yourself and the world around you.

Front 51

Control group

Back 51

The group of subjects in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable. The group that stays the same and can be compared to.

Front 52

Correlation Coefficient

Back 52

The statistic or number representing the degree to which two or more variables are related. Often labeled R

Front 53

Correlation Method

Back 53

designed to determine if two or more variables are associated with one another

Front 54

Positive and Negative Correlation

Back 54

Pos- as one variable increases the other increases
Neg- as one variable increases the other decreases

Front 55

Major cortexes of the brain

Back 55

Cerebral Cortex- Higher cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions and is more developed in humans than animals. Determines personality, and planning and organization and touch sensation. It is the outer portion of the cerebrum and divided into the four lobes(FPOT)
-Motor cortex- Frontal lobe
-Somatosensory cortex- Parietal lobe
-Visual Cortex- occipital lobe
-Auditory cortex- temporal lobe

Front 56

Cross Cultural study

Back 56

A study that compares different cultures.

Front 57

What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole? Side effects?

Back 57

It inhibits the parietal cell proton pump, reducing stimulated & basal acid secretions

Side effects include hypertrophy of gastrin producing cells leading to cancer, inhibits microsomal enzymes, causes tumors at high doses

Front 58

Crystallized intelligence

Back 58

Is acquired and usually increases with age instead of decreasing.

Front 59

Goleman's views of emotional intelligence

Back 59

The awareness of and ability to manage one's emotions in a healthy and productive manner.

Front 60

McClelland's achievement motivation theory

Back 60

An individuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by one's life experiences. Most of these needs cane be classified as either achievement, affiliation or power.

Front 61

David Rosenhan's study in a mental institution

Back 61

Results were that the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis and the disempowering nature of patient care experienced by the associates in the study.

Front 62

Defense Mechanisms

Back 62

Denial: claiming/believing that what is true to be actually false.
Displacement: redirecting emotions to a substitute target.
Intellectualization: taking an objective viewpoint.
Projection: attributing uncomfortable feelings to others.
Rationalization: creating false but credible justifications.
Reaction Formation: overacting in the opposite way to the fear.
Regression: going back to acting as a child.
Repression: pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the subconscious.
Sublimation: redirecting 'wrong' urges into socially acceptable actions.

Front 63

purpose of dendrites

Back 63

Receptive sites of the neurons, they receive electric messages from cell bodies. Where the dendrites meet is called the synapse.

Front 64

Depression

Back 64

mental disorder characterized by low moods, low self-esteem, loss of interest and pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Drugs like tricycli, SSRI's, Prozac, Zoloft, desyrel are used to treat. Electric shock therapy is also very effective.

Front 65

Determinism

Back 65

The view that every event is causally determined by prior events.

Front 66

Development psychology

Back 66

The area of psychology focused on how children grow psychologically to become who they are as adults.