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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the basic structure to which all other parts are attached to a conventional aircraft?
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The fuselage
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What is the primary source of lift on an aircraft?
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The wing
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What is the tail or empennage consist of?
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the horizontal stabilizer with its attached elevators and the vertical stabilizer with its attached rudder.
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What is the vertical stabilizer referred to?
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THE VERTICAL FIN
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In a single engine airplane what runs from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail?
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The longitudinal axes
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What is air craft roll?
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A motion about the longitudinal axes and is a result and is a result of aileron movement.
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When is the aileron not in perfect alignment with the total wing?
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When it changes the wing's lift characteristics.
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More lift on the right and less on the left result in a rolling motion to the left around what?
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the longitudinal axes
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What is the imaginary line running from one wingtip through the fuselage and exiting the other wing tip form?
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The lateral axis
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what is another name for the lateral axis?
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The pitch axis.
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Why does the name pitch axis make sense?
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Because the airplane is actually caused to pitch its nose upward or downward and such movement is made about eh lateral axis.
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What is the pitching movement about the lateral axis caused by?
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The elevator, which is attached to the horizonal stabilizer
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what does movement backward on the stick or control column move?
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the elevator upward.
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What changes the shape of the stabilizer airfoil so that the direction of lift on this particular tail surface is down?
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Movement backward on the stick
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Deflection of the tail.elevator downward increases what?
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the camber of the tail and increases lift
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some aircraft no longer us a stabilizer but use what nstead?
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The entire horizontal tial surface is hinged so that the surface's angle of attack is changed as the pilot pulls or pushes on the control column.
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the stabilator design originated when?
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during the first supersonic flight testing of the Bell X-1 at Edwards's Air force Base in California.
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The stabilator was found to be more effective when?
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More effective as the shock waves possed over the aircraft.
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What is the imaginary axis which passes vertically through the meeting point of the longitudinal and lateral axes?
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The vertical or yaw axis.
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What is Aircraft yaw?
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a motion of the longitudinal axis, wither left or right around the vertical axis.
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What is it called when the nose goes left and the tail goes right?
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Left yaw
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When the pilot moves the airplane's rudder the aircraft yaws about what?
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Vertical or Yaw axis
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Like the elevator and stabilizer the deflected rudder forms what?
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a curved ro cambered airfoil surface which on the one side generates induced lift while on the other side dynamic lift results.
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How are the rudder controls rigged?
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so that the rudder moves toward the direction of the rudder pedal that is pressed.
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What are the two most common engine types?
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reciprocating enfine and the turbine engine
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What devices do reciprocation engines provide for today?
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automobiles, lawn mover, tractors, motorcycles, boats, airplanes
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What does the term reciprocation mean?
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That certain ports move back and forth in straight-line motion.
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what is the reciprocation engine also known as?
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internal-combustion engine
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What is the most vital parts of the reciprocation engine?
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The cylinders, the pistons, the connecting rods, the crankshaft the valves, the spark plugs and a volve-operating mechanism.
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Where is the fuel converted into energy?
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The cylinder
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What is the intake stroke?
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The cycle begins with the piston at top central of the cylinder. As the crankshaft pulls the piston downward a partial vacuum is created int he cylinder chamber
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What is the compression stroke?
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As thecrank shaft drives the piston upward in the cylinder, the fuel and air mixture is compressed. The intake closes as this upward stroke begins.
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What is ignition and power stroke?
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As the compression stroke is completed and just before the piston reaches its top position, the compressed mixture is ignited by the spark plug.
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What is the exhaust stroke?
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On the second upward stroke, the cycle is started again by the intake stroke.
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Each piston within the engine must make four strokes to complete what?
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One cycle
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When the engine runs how many strokes per minuet must the four strokes complete one cycle?
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100
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What is the up and down movement of the piston comverted to?
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a rotary motion
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Why the propeller the action end of the aircraft's reciprocation engine ?
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because it converts the useful energy of the engine into thrust as it spins around and around.
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What has only one motion, forward?
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the wing
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The propeller has what two types of motion?
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forward and rotary
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What is the path of the two motions of a propeller like?
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a corkscrew as the propeller goes through the air.
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As the propeller turns it generates what?
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forward in the direction of the nose of the aircraft
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what does the word turbine mean?
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whirl and refers to any type of wheel device that has vanes attached to it in a manner that will cause the wheel to turn as the vanes are struck by the force of a moving fluid.
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What is a fluid?
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Air
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Turbine engines found in aircraft use the force of what?
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hot flowing gases striking a turbine.
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what are the four basis types of turbines?
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turbojet. turbofan, turboprop and propfan.
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What advantages to turbine engines have over reciprocating engines?
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Flying at higher altitudes and gigher speeds less engine vibration of rotating parts cooling is less complicated because engine processes a large amount of air
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What engine is very simple?
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Turbine
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How does a turbine engine work?
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It takes a small amount of air at the intake and accelerate it to extremely high velocities through the exhaust nozzle. The high velocity air pushes the aircraft gorward and is the thrust generated by the engine.
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The rotating parts of a turbine spin at rates of how much?
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tens or thousands of revolutions per minuets
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What are the five basic sections to a turbine engine?
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inlet compressor, burner(combustor) turbine and exhause )Nozzle)
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The turboject used a series of what?
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fan-like compressor blades to bring air into the engine and compress it with a series of rotor and stator blades.
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What do the stator blades do what?
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they straighten teh flow of this air as it passes from one set of rotor blades to the next.
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What is the exhaust stroke?
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On teh second upward stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and the piston forces the burned gases out.
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What does the combustion chamber receive?
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The high-pressure air, mixes fuel with it and burns the misture.
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What are afterburners used for?
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is used for short=terms burst of additional thrust, such as required in some takeoffs and in combat situations
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Afterburners are an additional length of what?
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the engine's exhaust section.
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When needed fuel is sprayed directly in the afterburner and what?
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ignited
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What is a turbofan engine?
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One or more rows of ocmpressor blades extend beyond the normla compressor blades.
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Much more what is pulled into the turbofan enfine than is pulled into the simple turbojet?
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air
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Turbofans are much quiter than what?
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turbojet
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Which is more fuel-efficient turbofans or turbojet?
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Turbofans
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Using the same amount of fuel a turbofan produces greater thrust?
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THRUST FOR TAKING OFF, FOR CLIMBING AND FOR CRUSING
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What are the limitations of the turbofans?
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speed limitations and poor low-altitude performance
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What was the first engine to be more effieient at high speeds and high altitudes
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turboprop
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What does the turboprop use to turn the propeller?
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gas
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What does the turboprop depend on for thrust?
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on the propeller for thrust rather than on the high velocity gases going out of the exhaust
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How much more power can the gas turbine turn the prop compaired to the reciprocating engine.
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twice
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August 29, 1986 marked the first flight of what engine?
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advanced technology profan engine.
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What did the propfan engine replace?
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the regular turbofan of a boeing 727-100
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The propfan system combines the air-moving efficiency of the turbofan engine with what?
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the thrusting efficiency of the propeller.
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What does the advanced technology propfan engine achieve?
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a dramatic reduction in fuel consumption while retaining the turbofan's high power and the speed it makes possible.
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The propfan system combines elements of how many other turbine systems?
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Three
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What does a turbojet serve as?
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the gas generator to frive a large external fan, or propulsor.
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What do multi-bladed propulsors move?
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large amounts of air at ta relatively slow speed while a much smaller amount is burned and accenlerated through the core of the engine at a higher velocity.
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High by pass engines are very effieient at what speed?
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SUBSONIC
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For airliners what is subsonie speeds?
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Subsonic Mach 0.8 or 525
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Who invented the ramjet in 1913?
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Frenchman Rene Lorin
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What is the simplest type of all jet engines?
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The ramjet
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What jet engine has no moving parts?
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The ramjet
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What does the force of inertia do in a ramjet?
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'rams' air into a streamlined chamber of a fast-flying ramjet.
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What happens the the air in a ramjet?
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Air flowing through the chamber is compressed, sloed down to subsonic speed, mixed with fuel, ignited, and released.
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How are Scramjets different from Ramjets?
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the same way, only the aire is not slowed to subsonic speeds within the engine.
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A ramjet/scramjet whose intake does not change shape provides what?
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thrust over a wider range of belocities but is much heavier.
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Ramjets and scramjets will not make thrust until what?
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enough air is coming through the intake to create a high pressure flow.
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The ramjet/scramjet has to be traveling how before it is started?
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very fast.
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How does the ramjet scramjet get going very fast before it is started?
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by some other type of engine or rocket propellant.
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The wright brothers were not the first people to fly but the first to fly how?
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The first to flwy sustained, controlled, powered flight of a heavier than air vehicle.
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How is control of the airacraft accomplishesd?
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through control surfaces.
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What are the control surfaces in an aircraft.
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ailerons for roll, elevators for pitch and rudder for yaw control
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Combined use of the ailerons, elevators and rudder's allowes the pilot control of all motions through what?
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All three axes
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The wright brothers used what technique to reshape the wings fo their aircraft and provide steerage?
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wing warping
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Computer flight control systems allow what?
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control aircraft in ways we could never have imagined only a few years ago.
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Aircraft can be built that defy what?
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every aeronautical engineering principle of controlled flight and then controlled using programmed high speed computers that correct that flight path far faster than their human pilots could do by hand.
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By adding various structures to an airp lane's airfoils what can be changed significantly?
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its' aerodynamics
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Where are the flaps of an airplane attached?
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the trailing edge of the wing.
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What do the flaps do in cruising flight?
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the flaps simple continue the streamlined shape of the wing's airfoil.
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What two things happen when the flaps are lowered either partially or fully?
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Lift is increased and so is drag.
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The flap increases the camber of the wing for what?
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that portion of the wing to which it is attached.
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On what side of the wing is dynamic life increased because there is now more surface area exposed to the impact of the relatiave wind?
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the underside
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What increases drag?
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Anything that obstructs the airflow
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What is the total effect of this increased lift/ increased drag situation when flaps are lowered?
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without an increase in power to compensate for the additional drag the airplane will desend much more steeply than possible without flaps and the increased lift will allow slower flight because the stall speed is decreased.
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Using flaps when taking off helps the airplane take off when?
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in a short distance.
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How would using flaps when taking off in a soft or muddy field helps?
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by keeping weight off the wheels.
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What are some of the types of flaps?
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some hinge, some slide, some open with slots and some help the flow of air over the wing remaid smoother even though high angles of attack are flowen during landing.
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What are slats?
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protrusions form the leading edge of a wing.
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What do slats also add?
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to the induced lift of a winge and can be found on the more sophisticated flap systems.
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What is the secret of the slat?
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The slot it produces.
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How can a slat help keep the airflow smooth?
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at a high angle of attack , the relative wind passing through the slot is speeded up and this additional velocity helps keep the airflow smooth
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The slate causees energy to be added where?
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at the front.
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the flap causes energy to be addes where
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the back
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Conbined actions of slats and flaps result in what?
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a signigicant increase in lift
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What do ailerons elevators and rudders work to change?
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the direction of lift
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What work to destroy lift?
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spoilers
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Where will the spoiler be found?
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somewhere along the top of the wing and it will be located along a line on the airfoil where its deployment will be most effective.
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Where do spoilers fit?
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they fit into or flush with the surface of the airfoil
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The size of the spoiler will vary according to what?
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how much lift is to b e "spoiled"
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On faster airacraft spoilers are where?
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hinged so that their aft portion is tilted upward into the laminar airflow.
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What does the use of flaps lower so that the airplaine may fly again if it bounces upon landing?
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stall speed
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Spoilers can be used like what to roll the vehicle?
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ailerons
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Some airplanes may have special devices that produce drag only, what are they called?
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drag devices
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Where might drag devices be located?"
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at the trailing edges of the wings or they may protrude from the cragt's fuselage upon activation by the pilot
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What may drag devices be called?
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speed brakes, air brakes, dive flaps or drag parachutes.
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What is a drag devices prupose?
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to produce a signigicant amount of drag without affecting the airfoil's lift.
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Why would drag deviced be needed?
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because they allow very steep descents and rapid changes in airspeed which can be stopped almost instantaneously by retracting the devices.
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What is the word fuslage based on?
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The french word fuseler, which means' "to shpe like a spindle, to streamline"
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What are the three classifications of fuselages?
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Truss, semimonocoque and the moncoque
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The truss type of fuselage is made of what?
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tubing and welding in place to form a well-braced framework
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Is the truss structure a steamline shape?
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No
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What does monocoque mean?
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a single shell
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What does a true monocoque contruction depends on?
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the covering or skin to provide the required strength to resist the stresses of slight.
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Semimonocoque construction uses what?
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internal braces to help the skin carry the forces generated.
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What covers the fuslage?
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because everything in the flow of air affects the forces of flight.
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What does a 1/2 inch strut or supporting wire create?
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as much drag as a conventional cambered airfoil
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What would happen if the fuselage remained open?
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The drag created from each strut would soon overcome the engine's ability to thrust the vehicle forward enough to generate more lift than weight.
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What are the three types of landing gear?
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conventional tricycle and the tandem.
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What does the conventional landing gear consist of?
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Two wheel forward of the central of gravety and a small wheel at the tail.
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How does a pilot maintain control while taxiing with the conventional landing system?
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It is done with a combination of rudder movement and the careful application of brakes.
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What is prop wash at taxi speed?
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from the propeller and relative wind striking the tail, couple iwth the free wheeling tail whel, make rudder contro possible.
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Landing an airplane that has conventional gear is more difficult than the other types?
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True according to pilots who are qualified to fly them.
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Tricycle landing gear are easy to control where?
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on the ground
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What is tandem landing gear?
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an arrangement where the main gear consists of two sets of wheels which are located one behind the other on the fuselage.
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What landing gear may also be called bicyle gear
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Tandem landing gear
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What does the fuel system include?
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everything that involves delivery of fuel to the engine
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Where can fuel tanks be located?
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anywhere in the airplane wings fuselage and other s in any place the fuel will fit
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How many possible fuel feed systems are there?
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Two graviety feed and pump to drive fuel from the tanks to the engine
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What is the simplest fuel feed system?
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gravity feed
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How is a gravity feed fuel system work?
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It uses gravity to cause the fuel to flow from the tanks downward to the tngine
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How is the pump from a duel pump system usually run?
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from the electrical power system of the aircraft
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Where is the fuel tank drain located?
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at the lowest point in the fuel tank
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What are fuel tank drains designed to to?
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to remove any water that may have consensed from the air within the unfilled portion of the tank
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Where do fuel lines lead?
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from each fuel tank to distribute the fuel thorughout the aircraft
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What is the greek word for water tube
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hydraulic
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What might the aircraft's hydraulic system operate?
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the brakes, lower the landing gear,move the flight controls and extend and lower the flaps
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What is pascal's law?
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Pressure exerted anywhere on a liquid in a closed container is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the wall of the vessel containing the liquid. The pressure acts at right angles to all surface with an equal force on equal areas
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What does pascal's law mean?
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It means that when a fluid such as oil is confined in a container, the fluid can be made to transfer the pressure put on it to something else.
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Hydraulic systems look a great deal like what?
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fuel systems.
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Hydraulic systems fluid is stored in a tank called what?
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reservoirs
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How does the hydraulic systems work?
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It is pressurized, strained and then distributed through hydraulic line to the parts of the plane that need it. then returned to the reserve to be used again when needed
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What is attached to an aircraft's engine that provides the electricity required?
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a generator
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what is the generator used for?
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to charge the battery, start the engine,k operate the radios and operate navigation and landing lights
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What is the purposed of instruments?
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to convey information to the pilot
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How was the first air speed judged?
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By the wind on the pilot's face
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What does a gryoscope consist of?
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a heavy rotor wheel mounted so that it is free to rotate on its axis within a frame.
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a gyroscope frame is mounted so the rotor can move how?
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any direction-- pitch, roll or yaw
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What is gyroscopic stability ?
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it means that a spinning glat weight tends to line up on one of it axes.
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Why might it be good for an aircraft to have an instrument that does not move with the aircraft?
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because at some point after the plane has pitched upk, rolled it left and kicked the rudder to yaw the pilot will wan to know how to get back to straight and level.
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How do pressure instruments work?
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on the idea that a fluid, such as air, exerts pressure.
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Pressure decreases with what?
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height
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Pressure instruments are used to tell that pilot what?
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about the performance of the aircraft.
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How do electrical instruments operate?
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on the principles of electricity including magnetism.
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What can electrical insturment often take the place of?
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mechanical and pressure instruments
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What instruments are more accurate and give the pilot a way to precisely control his aircraft?
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electrical instruments
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Instruments classified by their use fall in two major groups? what are they?
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performance and control instruments
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What do control instruments tell you?
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the current state of some aircraft devices, so that we are aware of its conditions
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What are three catagories of instruments?
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engine, flight and navigation
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Engine insturments tell the pilot what?
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how this thrust producing device is operating, rpm, oil temp, oil pressure, fuel flow ect.
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What do navigation instruments do?
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help the pilot find the way from the point od departure to the destination
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What are some navigation instrumetments?
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clock compass directional gyro, radio radar gps and radio direction finder
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What instrument name comes from the greek work tachos meaning speed>
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tachometer
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What does the tachometer tell the pilot?
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how fast the engine's crankshaft is turning
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How does the tachometer meansure ?
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in rpm's revolutions per minuet
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An electricl tachoment uses what that is geared to the engines crankshaft?
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an electric generator
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The faster the crankshaft turns the more what is generated?
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electricity
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A Tachometer will have a colored arc printed on the sacle to show what?
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the normal operating range (green) and a red line for maximum allowable revolutions per minuet
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Besides speed what else does the tachometer show?
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total number of hours and tenths of hours that the engine has run since it was installed
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What do oil and temperature gauges provide?
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constant reading on the pressure and temperature of oil while the engine is operating
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Oil and temperature gauges both have standardized marking for what?
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green for safe operating ranges and the red marking for the maximums
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What are the two purposed of Flight instruments?
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They allow for safe flight through clouds and at night and second is they show the pilot how well the airplane is being controlled.
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When the pilot cannot see the earth's horizon the pilot must rely on what instruments?
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airspeed indicator, the altimeter and the turn and slip indicator vertical speed indicator and the attitude indicator
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What does the airspeed indicator do?
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informs the pilot fo the speed throught the air in terms of miles per hours and or knots.
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How does the airspeed indicator work?
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it measures pressure of aire rammed into a pitot tube at the front of the aircraft and translated it into speed
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Airspeed indicators are marked with what?
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colored areas to show maximum allowable speed, normal speed and approved flap-operating speeds.
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What are aircraft altimeter?
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aneroil barometers that read in feel of altitude and are calibrated to atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury
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What does the pilot have to do to the altimeter to get a correct reading?
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adjust the altimeter to show the atmospheric pressure for the flying area.
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What happens if the pilot sets the altermeter to 0 while he is on the ground?
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It will show the actually height above the ground he is flying in a local area
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Why is height above sea level more inportant than height above the ground?
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Because the level of the ground changes.
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The turn and slip indicator is actually what?
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two instruments in one
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What does the turn indicator do?
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Indicates the direction and rate of the turn.
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What is the inclinometer?
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the ball in the glass turn and it indicates the quality of the turn
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What will happen with the turn and slip indicator if the airplane is slipping toward inside of the turn?
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the ball will be displaced in that direction or to the low side.
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What will the indicator do if the airplane is skidding?
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displacement will be in the other direction.
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When does skidding happen?
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when the tail is being thrown toward the outside of the turn.
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When will the ball stay in the middle?
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if the turn is properly coordinated
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The turn coordinator does what?
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the same things as the turn and slip indicator
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What does the turn coordinator have instead of a needle?
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a small aircraft silhouette, as the airacraft banks the silhouette banks
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What does the vertical velocity indicator V V I tell the pilot?
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at what rate in feel per minuet the airplane is climbing or descending?
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What kind of instrument is the V V I ?
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pressure instrument
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What can the vertical speed indicator also be known as?
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the rate of climb indicator
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What is the attitude indicator?
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a gyroscopic instrument that provides an artifical horizon to the pilot
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What instruments help the pilot find their way to the destination?
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Navigation instruments
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What is the most basic and most important navigation instrument?
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magnetic compass
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What do most airplaines have and is a type of compass?
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heading indicator
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What does V/STOL stand for?
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vertical/short takeoff and landing
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What do a tilt-rotor aircraft do?
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turn their rotors up to takeoff and land like helicopters and down to fly like a fixed wind vehicles
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The waverider concept is a candidate for transportation of what speeds?
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Mach 4-7
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What is a waveride?
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a hypersonic or supersonic vehicle that has an attached shock wave along it leading fuselage edge
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What is the modular air vehicle concept?
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to build air vehicles from idfferent sections that allow the airplane to do different missions.
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What kind of aircraft what the joint strike fighter?
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modular air vehicle
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