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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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McCarthy
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Used press to his advantage: knew deadlines and times released; faked press releases; knew news cycles; made himself available for questions; knew what made news. Army-McCarthy hearings ruined his reputation.
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Murrow
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Exploited McCarthy through his own words on "See It Now". McCarthy rebuttal, proved to be a mistake.
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Unthinking objectivity
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McCarthy believed it was media's job to report happenings and let people interpret them themselves. McCarthyism made journalists think about objectivity.
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Smith Act
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First peacetime control of free speech. The act, which made it an offense to advocate or belong to a group that advocated the violent overthrow of the government, was the basis of later prosecutions of members of the Communist and Socialist Workers parties. In 1957 the U.S. Supreme Court restricted the application of the Act to instances of active participation in, or verbal encouragement of, specific insurrectionary activities.
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Executive Order 9835
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Loyalty oath for federal employees. Under Truman, the order established the first general loyalty program in the United States, which was designed to root out communist influence within the various departments of the U.S. federal government. Investigated 3 million employees, dismissed 300.
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Radio Act 1927
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Created 5-person radio commission; reduced number of stations from 730 to 600; assigned specific frequencies and what power they could be operated on; established clear channels; created 3-year licenses with public interest convenience or necessity provision; affirmed advertising as source of revenue.
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Equal Time Rule
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Part of 1934 Act - if station gave one candidate on-air time, had to offer opposing candidate equal time
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1934 Act
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Changed 5-person FRC to 7-person Federal Communications Commission; established equal-time rule; didn't define public interest/necessity.
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Fairness Doctrine
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Defined public interest: broadcasters must devote a reasonable percentage of their broadcast time to coverage of public issues; coverage of issues must be fair in sense must provide an opportunity for opposition to present their side at no cost; killed during Reagan administration.
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Fireside chats
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F. Roosevelt's broadcasts to citizens; showed interest in their lives in midst of Great Depression; used as propaganda.
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Father Coughlin
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He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than forty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s. Coughlin used his radio program to promote Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals, to issue antisemitic commentary, and later to rationalize some of the policies of National Socialist Adolf Hitler and Fascist Benito Mussolini.
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John Baird
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Invented first working TV.
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Farnsworth/Zworkyn
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Invented TV. Had to fight RCA for patent rights.
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House UnAmerican Activities Committee
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Searched for communist influence in society; investigated movie industry; Waldorf statement- Hollywood agreed not to employ anyone who didn't cooperate with HUAC; 12 friendly witnesses; 10 Hollywood.
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Red Channels
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Documentary listing over 100 people in broadcasting who allegedly were communist sympathizers. Came of blacklisting- banning Commie sympathizers from employment.
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Newton Minow
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FCC Chairman; criticized TV, called it "vast wasteland"
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See it Now
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Murrow and Friendly's CBS show; ousted McCarthy; focused on controversial issues.
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Walter Cronkite
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Important to TV news; criticized attempts to sensationalize news; visited Vietnam; advocated for expansion of evening news to one hour.
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Max Robinson
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One of first black broadcasters; ABC; died of AIDS; founded National Association of Black Journalists.
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Barbara Walters
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Popular broadcaster; $1 million contract spurred debates about importance of interviewer/reporter broadcasts.
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Bernard Shaw
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Covered Gulf War for CNN. Part of pool system
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Office of Censorship/Byron Price
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Established by Roosevelt during WWII. Voluntary censorship for broadcast and press; mandatory censorship for mail and cable. Price's policies more lax than military censorship.
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Office of War Information/Elmer Davis
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"City desk" for war news; produced press releases; headed government PR; headed oversees news and propaganda. Davis favored openness.
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Accreditation
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Reporters regarded as "official" by military. Type of military censorship.
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Pool reporters
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Attempt to limit reporters in contact with fighting. Required officer to be with reporter when interviewing service men. Condemned by reporters for being censorship.
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Embedded reporters
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In Iraq, reporters assigned to units. Had to sign contract limiting what they could report.
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Teddy Roosevelt
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First successful news manager; created press room; made himself available; established official PR function; quotable; "Bully pulpit"; used trial balloons
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Trial balloons
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Information sent out to assess reaction.
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Franklin Roosevelt
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Excellent press relations; liked by press; reformed press conferences; met informally with press; understood needs of press; monitored the press; poor relations with publishers; fireside chats
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Press Lords
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Criticizes Roosevelt; Hearst.
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Stephen Early
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First press secretary under FDR.
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Eisenhower
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First broadcasted inauguration. Pushed PR force; used fireside chats. Generally good relations with press. President when image became important.
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U-2 Spy Incident
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Plane shot down over Russia; U.S. tried to cover up; ruined Paris Summit meeting; embarrassment.
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Kennedy
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First successful TV president. Credibility gap- Cuban Missile Crises and Bay of Pigs.
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Bay of Pigs
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n unsuccessful attempt by a U.S.-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southwest Cuba and overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
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Nixon
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Low point for president/press relations. Nixon hated press and attacked them; fewer press conferences.
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Pentagon Papers
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A top-secret Department of Defense history of the United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam, from 1945 to 1967. Hurt Nixon when leaked.
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Watergate
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Nixon tried to cover up break in, led to his impeachment.
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Reagan
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"Great communicator" - his skill at talking evocatively and using folksy anecdotes that ordinary people could understand. "Teflon president" - sees to it that nothing sticks to him. He is responsible for nothing.
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Patterson
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NY Daily News tabloid; "illustrated newspaper"; differences from NY Times: smaller; different audience, content, writing style; picture paper; livelier writing; contests; personal columns; comics; features and sports page
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Ruby Snyder
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Photo of execution appeared in Daily News taken by Howard.
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Newspaper consolidation
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Marketplace saturated; economic strains on many papers;
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Time/Luce
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Own writing style; editorial opinions asserted in articles; aimed for fair coverage; Luce serious.
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Ivy Lee
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"father of PR"; first PR agency George F. Parker; goal to provide accurate information concerning subjects which it is of value and interest to the public to know about
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Bernays
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Applied psychology to PR; Freud's nephew; women and cigarettes ad
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WWII PR
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OWI and propaganda
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