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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Using this to gain a story is frowned upon and rarely occurs. However, some journalists find times when it might be justified: |
Deception |
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What are some types of deception? |
1. Outright deceit: Printing fabricated stories 2. Deceptions to help public officials 3. Concealing your identity: not being truthful about who you are and what your purpose is. 4. Stunting: Playing a role to test the system. Breaking the law to prove it can be done. 5. Staging: Setting up an event so that it can be reported or so that you have the footage or photo to illustrate a point. 6. Paying sources and withholding that information from the audience. 7. Electronic manipulation of images 8. Eyewash |
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What is Stunting? |
Playing a role to test the system; breaking the law to prove it can be done (shoplifting, buying drugs) |
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What is Staging? |
Setting up an event so that it can be reported or so that you have the footage or photo to illustrate a point? |
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What is Eyewash? |
Pulling in/incorporating old images/file photos into a current story (without designation/labeling). |
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What is a conflict of interest? |
A clash b/w professional loyalties and outside interest that undermines credibility. Journalist face the question of where does professional life end and personal life begin |
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Discuss whether reporters should give up their rights and responsibilities of citizenship so that they can be detached from society to report about it objectively? |
Reporters are expected to forfeit some of their first amendment rights such as the right to protest, express public opinions on a target/issue, and revelation of political stances in order to appear objective and remain neutral in their coverage. This leads some to forego such rights as voting because they do not wan to reveal/disclose and kind of political bias and feel that voting has the ability of revealing a candidate/party preference that could cause viewers to questions their objectivity. Many reporters do not adhere to this practice but it especially important for those who report on political matters to continue taking a similar stance. |
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What are some steps to avoid conflicts of interest: |
1. Avoid bribes and freebies 2. Avoid conflicting personal interests such as financial dealings and personal connections. 3. Avoid conflicting public presence. |
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How can one avoid bribes and freebies? |
1. Insist on paying own way. 2. If you must take something, make a donation to charity and notify source of donation made in their name. 3. If company insist on you taking something and you disagree, quit and find a job that aligns with personal ethical standards. |
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How can one avoid conflicting personal interests such as financial dealings and personal connections? |
1. Discuss potential conflicts with editors. Make them aware of conflicts. 2. Decline assignments that would create conflict. 3. Consider public disclosing conflicts that arise unavoidably. |
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How can one avoid conflicting public presence? |
1. Avoid participating actively in event that you must report on. 2. If conflict happens unexpectedly, attempt to resolve if possible. 3. If you can't resolve/avoid conflict, acknowledge it |
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What are some reasons why sources are willing to cooperate? |
1. Fun 2. Public Interest 3. Self-interest 4. Jealousy, hatred, revenge |
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Why might a source cooperate for fun? |
Thrill of getting a story in print and pleasure that comes from others seeing their name in print. |
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Why might a source cooperate out of concern for public interest? |
Believe they are serving a higher cause, the public interest, by keeping the public informed |
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Why might a source cooperate our of self-interest? |
To advance their own careers or their own organizations. |
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Why might a source cooperate out of jealousy, hatred, and/or revenge? |
To strike at their enemies by obtaining unfavorable news coverage about them. |
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What should you do when you doubt that the source's motives for providing information are good? |
You should take information in the context of the source's possible motives and seek alternative sources to counterbalance negative motives. |
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What are some possible attitudes that a reporter assumes in relationships with sources? |
1. Lapdog 2. Watchdog 3. Attackdog |
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How can a reporter become a lapdog with sources? |
When they passively accept the statements of sources without questioning. The lap dog jumps in the source's lap and seeks the source's affection and approval. |
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How can a reporter act a watchdog with sources? |
This is the middle ground of relationships and is when the reporter is determined to get the news and fulfill journalistic responsibilities in a professional manner that is polite and responsible. Reporter is close to sources but not a member of their team. Reporter watches and protects the readers' interests. Watchdog barks warnings when possible danger or wrongdoing is going on. |
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How can a reporter act as an attack dog with sources? |
This results in an adversarial relationship with sources. Attack dog journalist attacks sources aggressively under the automatic assumption that those sources will not be helpful in providing information. Source is not given opportunity to be helpful through other initial approaches from the reporter. |
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What type of relationship works best for reporters an why? |
1. Watchdog 2. It keeps relationship professional and allows for opportunities to cooperate in presenting information. Reduces the likelihood of manipulation by sources and animosity b/w reporters and sources, thus improving the quality of information available for readers. |
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What kinds of traps can exist in the middle ground of reporter-source relationships? |
1. Public Relations Trap 2. Friendship Trap 3. Sympathy Trap 4. Dependency Trap |
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How can a Public Relations Trap in source relationship occur? |
PR people are paid to be pleasant and agreeable and some reporters can be manipulated by this and end up failing to be aggressive enough or failing to remember the PR person's allegiance to their employer. |
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How can Friendship Trap in source relationships occur? |
If a reporter becomes to friendly with a source they may fail to see the person's attempt to manipulate the news. |
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How can a Sympathy Trap in source relationships occur? |
When a reporter become too friendly with someone they might not want to deal with topics that might harm or cause difficulty for that person. |
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How can a Dependency Trap in source relationships occur? |
When sources become so helpful that reporters come to depend upon them heavily for all types of official and off-the-record information reporters might rely on them too much and fail to seek alternative sources that can provide the full range of perspectives necessary for stories. The reporter might also start deciding to report information based on the impact that information will have on the reporter/source relationship that they have with the heavily relied upon source. |
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What is an ambush interview? |
When the reporter shows up unexpectedly and insists on some type of response from a source that might be unwilling to talk |
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Why is is hazardous to use anonymous sources in stories? |
1. Sources might be manipulating the news for their own purposes. 2. Reader has no way of establishing the source's credibility. |
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What does off-the-record mean to most reporters? |
Information is not to be published or attributed to the source. It might be published and attributed to another source if that second source is willing. Mostly is become background knowledge for the reporter. |
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What steps should a reporter take when considering using information from anonymous sources and after agreeing to use information anonymously. |
1. Clarify ground rules to start with 2. Determine necessity for information and anonymity. 3. Determine whether there is anyway to get it on the record. 4. Talk with editor (he must determine if info. can be gained elsewhere and authorize use of anonymous source) 5. Attempt to corroborate the story. 6. Explain as much as possible to readers without revealing sources's identity. 7. Honor confidentiality to the point that you are willing to go to jail to protect said confidentiality. |
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What are the two premises on which Sissela Bok bases her model of ethical decision-making? |
1. Empathy for those involved in the ethical decision making process. 2. Social Trust as a fundamental goal |
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Explain 3 steps in Sissela Bok's model for ethical decision making: |
1. Consult your conscience to ensure decision aligns with personal ethical standards. 2. Seek expert advice. 3. Consult/Conduct conversations with all affected parties. |
