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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Journalists as gatekeepers
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Journalists act as gatekeepers that filter out information, letting some into news and blocking others.
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Logistical constraints
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deadlines, news cycle, resources (human, material, money), and infrastructure (abililty to travel,transmit)
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How is "news" selected
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interest to the audience
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audience interest
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timeliness, prominence, conflict, relevance, proximity, and human interest/emotional impact
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Herbert Gans
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American sociologist who studied "news values" of US journalists in the late 60's and early 70's
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Gans' findings
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-told us that the news is dominated by coverage of high-ranking officials in routine activities
-see more coverage of upper class. -Working class is now covered in terms of conflict (strikes and crimes) -news now reinforces existing social order |
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Walter Lippman
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journalist who had great influence on world war I propoganda
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John Dewey
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philosopher who said that journalists should give the people more than just the facts and they should tell the whole story
- people should be active participants in democracy |
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typical problem in democracy
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the average citizen is too easily swayed by information that is distorted
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journalists need to be:
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mediators between the elite group of experts who make the decisions and the public
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persuasion
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To induce to undertake a course of action or embrace a point of view by means of argument, reasoning, or entreaty
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propaganda
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They systematic propagation of a doctrine or cause of information reflecting the views and interests of those advocating such a doctrine or cause.
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Edward Bernays
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considered by many to be the father of public relations
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propaganda comes from:
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a communication strategy that tries to manipulate public opinion to gain support for a special issue, program or policy, such as the nations war effort.
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how is propaganda evaluated
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by the IPA (Institute for Propaganda Analysis)
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what does the IPA do
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gives the public the skills necessary to detect potentially misleading messages
trains people to detect the seven propaganda devices in both the US and non US related messages |
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IPA's 7 propaganda devices
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name calling, glittering generalities, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, card stacking, band wagon
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name-calling
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gives a person or idea a bad label to make the audience reject them without examining the evidence
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glittering generalities
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virtue words that make the audience accept an idea or person without examining the evidence
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transfer
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using prestige or authority of one idea or person and transferring that to another person or idea or make it acceptable or add stature to it
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testimonial
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a respected person endorsing or rejecting an idea or person
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plain folks
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a person is presented as part of a common folk, not elites
example: "like most of us", "we Americans" |
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card stacking
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the selective use of facts, half-truths, and or lies to convince the audience to accept or reject an idea or person
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bandwagon
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because everyone approves or disapproves of an idea or person, the audience should hold the same opinion
example: "everyone knows that" |
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Fr. Charles Coughlin
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popular radio commentator who was anti-semitic and pro-Hitler
- wrote the newsletter, Social Justice |
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"No-Spin Zone"
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O'Reilly opens his show with "Caution. You are about to enter a no-spin zone." It should be called the "nothing but spin zone" because his show consists of nothing but his conservative spins on the issues of the day
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journalism's purpose
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-seeking and telling the truth
-to serve as a watchdog on government -enhance democracy -give a voice to the powerless |
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what do journalists do
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entertain and make a profit, as well as maintains its historical value
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journalism today
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traditional aspects still exist
new ways: blogs, chat rooms, social networking |
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get information from:
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social network, consumer reviews, blogs, websites
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Gannett Case Study
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-largest newspaper publisher in the US
-referred to the "audience" as the public - large online audience and in the US market they reach more than 20.1 million users by means of 23 television stations |
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information center
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unleashes the combined power of local information and interactivity with communities to make a difference across print and digital platforms.
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7 jobs for the primary information center
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digital, public service, crowdsourcing, data, local, custom content, multimedia
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digital
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speed- breaking news, content across all platforms
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public service
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expansion- watchdog staff, engages younger audience
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crowdsourcing
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dialogue, search databases, original documents
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data
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depth: getting the information needed, begins with the calendar
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local
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neighborhood: primary local focus, local reporting
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custom content
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niche- adapts to different approaches, focuses on the experiences of the products
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multimedia
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visual- expands different ways to view; graphics online media
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citizen's bill of rights
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truthfulness, loyalty to citizens, independence, monitering power, public forum, proportionality and engagement
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journalism is an act of:
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character
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journalists have an obligation to:
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exercise their personal conscience
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truthfulness
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i) We have the right to expect that the evidence of integrity of the reporting be obvious. This means the process of verification should be transparent.
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loyalty to citizens
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i) We should expect to see evidence that the material has been prepared for our use above all.
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independence
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i) We have a right to expect that the commentators, columnists, and journalists of opinion are serving the interests of citizens’ debate rather than the narrow interests of a faction or a predetermined outcome
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monitoring power
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i) We have a right to expect monitoring on the most important and difficult centers of power
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public forum
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i) We should expect our news providers to create several channels through which we may interact with them.
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proportionality and engagement
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i) We have a right to expect journalists to be aware of our basic dilemma as citizens: that we have a need for timely and deep knowledge of important issues and trends in our community, but we lack both the time and the means to access most of this crucial information.
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every journalist must have a sense of
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responsibility and ethics
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the oprah effect
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o The show’s research suggests that politically inactive citizens collect enough information to make a decision in their best interest
o Shows like hers are called “entertainment gateways” |
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what do we mean by democracy
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political rights in choosing leaders fairly, institutional checks and balances, civil liberties and freedoms
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social movements use internet for:
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organization, mobilization, debate
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more media outlets=
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less news from fewer perspectives
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local and global agree in
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structure form and topic of news
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increase in information accessibility=
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democratic growth
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what is PR?
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relationships with the public
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PR is more ___, ___, and ___ than advertising
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credible, affordable, rational
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PR principles
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honesty, integrity, modesty
treat media with respect keep employees informed respect read write good listener enhance diversity |
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criteria for judging celebrity activists
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longevity, claims to knowledge, embodiment of social myths
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myths of motherhood
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call on motherly knowledge to legitimize position
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angelina jolie
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sexual rebel to mother, transition to mainstream, UN goodwill ambassador, adoption,
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discredited celebrity activists
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percieved as lacking authority, break gender norms, political reporters
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