Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Definition of communication and who was it by
|
John T. Fiske; Social interaction through messages
|
|
|
Audience of Mass communication
|
Mass: Large / Heterogeneous / Anonymous
|
|
|
Differences between face-to-face communication and mass communication
|
Individual feedback in face-to-face is abundant and in mass is limited.
Miscommunication in face-to-face is scarce and in mass is common Role-taking in face-to-face is common and in mass is scarce |
|
|
Three levels of communication problems identified by Shannon and Weaver
|
Level A (Technical problems)
Level B (Semantic problems) Level C (Effectiveness problems) |
|
|
Level A (Technical problems)
|
Accurate transmission of the symbols
|
|
|
Level B (Semantic problems)
|
Precise convey of desired meaning by the symbols
|
|
|
Level C (Effectiveness problems)
|
Effectiveness of the received meaning on conduct
|
|
|
Characteristics of mass communication
|
1. Constraints on the message content
2. Establishment of a level of communication 3. Less experimentation, more routine 4. A few people as information sources, far greater number of people as receivers 5. Audience exercise of power through their choice of specific media content |
|
|
Chronological order in the development of mass media
|
Newspaper (1833) Magazine (1880) Sound Recording (1890) Movie (1900) Radio (1920)
Television (1950) Internet (1990) |
|
|
Industrial Revolution
|
Invention of steam engine
Formation of city Emergence of Capitalism and Democracy |
|
|
Impact of the steam engine
|
Mass production
Development of public transportation |
|
|
Implication of formation of city on mass media
|
Markets for mass media
News sources |
|
|
Implication of capitalism and democracy on mass media
|
Mass communication industries
Use of the media for advocacy |
|
|
Telegraph
|
Instantaneous information access across long distances
Starting point of electronic media innovations |
|
|
Inventor of printing press
|
Johannes Guttenberg
|
|
|
Inventor of telegraph
|
Samuel F.B. Morse
|
|
|
Inventor of Telephone
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
|
|
Inventor of radio
|
Guglielmo Marconi
|
|
|
Inventor of television
|
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin and Philo T. Farnsworth
|
|
|
Original plans for sound recording, movie, radio, and the Internet
|
Sound recording - Dictation machine
Movie Vistascope (peep-view device for use of one person at a time) Radio Wireless point-to-point communication device Internet Military communication network |
|
|
The foundation of the freedom of speech guaranteed for the U.S. media
|
The First Amendment
|
|
|
Newspaper and television syndicates
|
content provider for newspapers and television stations
|
|
|
The basis for government regulations on broadcasting media
|
Airwaves are public commodity and therefore broadcasters are responsible for providing public services in return for their right to use the airwaves.
|
|
|
Top 2 companies in individual media industry
|
Music: Sony, Bertelsmann
Cable: Comcast, AOL Time Warner Radio: Clear Channel, Infinity (Viacom) |
|
|
Pros and cons about media conglomerates
|
Pros: 1.Innovative service
2.Greater value 3.Protect the freedom of press 4.Resist advertiser pressure Cons: 1.Influence of conflicting interest on news 2.Losing public trust 3.Declining quality 4.Controlling access to advertising |
|
|
16. Demise of the recorded music industry (1925-1940)
|
1. Technological incompatibilities
2. Fierce competition 2. Emergence of radio 3. The Great Depression |
|
|
17. Radio and recorded music industries
|
Radio threatened recorded music industry. Later when radio was threatened by television, recorded music helped the radio industry to find a niche as a specialized music medium.
|
|
|
Customs in recorded music industry
|
Payola: Music labels bribed DJs to play their music on radio programs.
Cover music: Songs created by Black artists were adopted by White artists and gained even bigger popularity because of the superior production technology and marketing power of White recording labels. Petrillos war: Jame Petrillo, President of the American Federation of Musicians, demanded compensation to musicians for records being played on the radio or jukeboxes. Pop chart: Music chart for White singers. Segregation of music charts. |
|
|
Recorded music sales outlets
|
Direct retail stores (ex. Sam Goody, Tower Records): 45%
General retail outlets (ex. Wal-mart, Target): 40% Music Clubs (ex. Columbia Music House): 8% Internet-based retailers (ex. Amazon.com, Buy.com): 2.4% |
|
|
Functions of Movies
|
For producers: an avenue for expression and an opportunity to practice a complex craft
a means to wealth or simple livelihood For audiences: a diversion and enjoyment a lesson for their own lives. an enriching cultural experience. |
|
|
Citizen Kane
|
a movie about the life of newspaper tycoon Charles Kane
|
|
|
Movie rating systems by the Motion Picture Association of America (1968)
|
G: General audiences. All ages admitted.
PG: Parental guidance suggested, for mature audiences. PG-13: Parents are strongly cautioned to give special guidance to children under 13. R: Restricted, children under 17 must be accompanied by a parent or other adult. |
|
|
Creeping cycle of desensitization
|
1. Our movie industry operates in a system of economic capitalism, in which making profits is a major and highly approved goal.
2. Making profit with a movie requires keeping costs down and also maximizing the audiences who pay in one form or another to see the film. Sex, violence, and vulgarity attract audiences. 3. The First Amendment offer few restraints on what nay medium can present to the public. This is largely left to audience tastes that define what people will or will not tolerate and pay to see. 4. The young a large proportion of the movie audience care little for conservative tastes. They seek pleasure and excitement via exposure to sexual depictions, vulgarities, and violence. The number of opposing critics is small. 5. Therefore, moviemakers, seeking maximum profits, constantly increase their depictions of sex, violence, and vulgarity. They stop only if criticism is strong, and resume after the public becomes accustomed to the new standard. |
|
|
Nickelodeon
|
Charged audiences five cents for the admission
2. Highly popular among immigrants living in big cities. 3. Had near universal appeal with stereotypical plots, overdramatized acting, and slapstick humor. 4. Played silent movies. |
|
|
Clear Channel
|
1. Owns more than 1000 radio stations in the U.S.
2. Owns music concert production companies 3. Promote Kiss FM as a brand name 4. Together with the Infinity, accounts for more than 40% of revenues in the whole radio industry in the U.S. |
|
|
Radio technologies and their implications
|
Audion Vacuum Tube: Home radio sets
Frequency Modulation: Superior sound quality Transistor: Portable radios |
|
|
Necessary conditions for radio to be a mass medium
|
Small enough receivers to be used in homes.
Affordable receiver price Clear signal reception Broadcast stations to send programs |
|
|
A radio program that vividly described an invasion of the Earth by aliens, resulting in mass panic among the listeners on Halloween Eve of 1938
|
War of the Worlds
|
|
|
Rating and Share
|
Rating: % of homes tuned to a program at the time of measure
Share: % of homes tuned to a program among homes actually using TV sets at the time of measure |
|
|
Impact of 1996 Telecommunications Act on cable industry
|
Allow a telephone company, a long distance carrier, and a cable company to enter one anothers market. Also allowed local television or radio station owners and newspaper owners to run a cable company in the same local market.
|
|
|
1972 FCC regulations on the cable industry
|
Must-Carry Rule
Syndication Exclusivity Rule Access Channel Leased Channel |
|
|
VCR & DVR
|
Technologies that are developed to help viewers record network programs and watch them later. The foremost concern with these technologies was the possibility that television viewers might skip advertisements when they watch pre-recorded television programs.
|
|
|
Current American broadcast television
|
1. Production 1) Independent programs
2) Network programs 2. Distribution 1) Affiliates 2) Syndicates 3. Local stations 1) Owned & Operated stations 2) Affiliated stations |
|
|
Media effect
|
Scope: individuals, institutions, and society as a whole
Level: exposure, perception, attitudes, and behaviors |
|
|
Stereotyping
|
Definition: Generalized beliefs about a group that are widely held within a particular culture. Stereotyping can
occur through either exclusion or inclusion of certain groups of people from media contents Typical stereotyped groups of people: Women, Elderly, Racial / Ethnic minorities Effects: Limit personal growth / Depersonalize / Justify unfair conditions in society / Limit social interaction |
|
|
Two determinants of selective exposure
|
Personal preference: demographic and psychographic difference
Personal need: mood management (relaxation or stimulation) |
|
|
38. Theories on the effects of violent media contents
|
Catharsis
Imitation Fright reaction Disinhibition |
