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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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strategy that involves hiring key opinion leaders in the medical world to help get the word out and create a buzz by talking up the advantages of herbal products
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third party strategy
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the feeling that no best choice is available and that everyone's choice is equally valid
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quandary ethics (not good)
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T or F: the goal of this book is to teach a set of rules
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false, it is to give you the skills, analytical models, vocab, and insights of others who have faced these choices, and to make and justify ethical decisions
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Contemp professional ethics revolves around which 2 questions?
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What duties do i have
What values are reflected by the duties |
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Ethics in a sense is _talk
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ought
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the rational process founded on certain agreed-on principles
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ethics
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the realm of religion
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morals
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T or F: Ethics is the conflict between right and wrong
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False, more about equally compelling or equally unattractive values and the choices that must be made between them
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Sossela Bok's model is based on what 2 preferences?
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1 we must have empathy for people involved in ethical decisions
2 maintaining social trust is a fundamental goal |
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Who came up with the 3 steps to analyzing any ethical question and what are the 3 steps?
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Bok,
1. Consult your own conscience 2. Seek expert advice for alternatives 3. Conduct a public discussion with the parties involved |
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T or F: It is necessary to only consult one of Bok's 3 steps to analyzing ethical dilemmas
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False, must consult ALL
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Who believed that practical reason was exercised by individuals?
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Aristotle
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Who believed that the highest virtue was citizenship?
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Aristotle
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Who had the notion that PEOPLE AND THEIR ACTS, not particular sets of rules are the moral basis of activity?
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Aristotle
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What was this called and who came up with it:
1. You must know what you're doing 2. You must select the act for its own sake 3. The act itself must spring from a firm and unchanging character. |
Virtue Ethics, Aristotle
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Who's framework is to assert that one way to learn ethics is to select heroes and try to model them?
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Aristotle
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What was Aristotle's termed philosophy and what was it?
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Golden Mean: Virtue lies at the mean between to extremes of excess and deficiency.
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What lies between:
1. cowardice and foolhardiness 2. shamlessness and bashfulness 3 stinginess and wastefulness |
1. courage
2. modesty 3. generosity *example of Aristotles Golden Mean |
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T or F: The middle ground of a virtue is not a single point on a line that is the same for every individual, it is a range of behaviors that varies individually while avoiding the undesirable extremes
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True
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T or F: The golden mean implies that individual acts are not disconnected from one another
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True
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Who came up with Categorical Imperative?
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Immanuel Kant
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What asserts that an individual should act on the premise that the choices one makes for oneself could become universal law?
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Categorical Imperative
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What's similar to the bible's verse: do onto others as you would have others do unto you?
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Categorical Imperative
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Who believes the ethical theory that the ACT ITSELF rather than the person who acts is where moral force resides?
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Kant
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Who believes that people could act morally from a sense of duty even though their character might incline them to act otherwise?
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Kant
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Who believed in the 2 types of duties and what were they?
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Kant
Strict Duties(negative: not to murder) Meritorious (positive: aid others) |
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Under who's theory can journalists claim few special privileges like the right to invade privacy in order to gain a story
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Kant's Categorical Imperative
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Who practiced Utilitarianism?
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John Stuart Mill
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What view includes the consequences of actions as important in deciding whether they are ethical.
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Utilitarianism
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Who believed that it may be ethical to harm one person for the benefit of the larger group?
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Mill/Utititarianism
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Aristotle focused on the _
Kant focused on the _ Mill focused on the _ |
actor, (golden mean)
action, (categorical imperative) outcome (utilitarian philosophy) |
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Who was called a valuational hedonist, arguing that pleasure and the absence of pain was the only intrinsic moral end?
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Mill
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Who insisted that both sets of consequences should be given the same value?
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Mill
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T or F: Act utilitarianism may include hurting the subject of the investigation if it furthered the general welfare.
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True
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T or F: Rule Utilitarianism may conclude that advertising itself is ethical but certain forms of the activity should be regulated.
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True
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T or F: In the utilitarian theory, no one's happiness is any more valuable than anyone else's.
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True
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Who had the Pluralistic Theory of value?
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William David Ross
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Who believed that there is more than one ethical value simultaneously competing for preeminence in our ethical decision making.
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Ross
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Who proposed the different types of duties?
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Ross
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which duty is based on implicit or explicit promises
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fidelity
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which duty arises from a previous wrongful act
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reparation
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which duty rests on previous acts of others
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gratitude
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which duty arises from the necessity to ensure the equitable and meritorious distribution of pleasure or happiness
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justice
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which duty rests on the fact that there are others in the world whose lot we can better
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benefice
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which duty rests on the fact that we can improve our own condition
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self-improvement
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what is the one negative duty
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the duty of not injuring others
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2 added duties:
1 duty to tell the truth 2 and to help others achieve some measure of self worth and achievement |
1 veracity
2. nuture |
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Which 2 kinds of duties did Ross divide
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prima facie and duty proper
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which kind of duties are those that seem to be right because of the nature of the act itself
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prima facie
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which are of duties are those that are paramount given specific circumstances
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duty proper/actual duties
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which kind of duty involves keeping promises (of the 2 kinds)
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prima facie
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What seeks to provide ethical guidance when confronting the sort of societywide issues that mark current political and business activity
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communitarianism
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In strong / normative democracies courageous talk is mobilized into action
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strong
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in strong/ normative democracies citizens are empowered for social transformation not merely freed from external constraints
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normative
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Which theory holds social justice as the predominant moral value
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communitarianism
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T or F: Communitarianism recognizes the value of process as well as outcomes
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True (they recognize that good process can produce bad outcomes)
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Which theory emphasizes responsibilities to the community, and it resembles family more than it resembles town
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Communitarianism
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Which theory places family before work?
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communitarianism
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T or F: Ethics has held as much continuity of thought as developments in science
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True
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: what is memorable and is handed down
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Ancient Greeks
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: What abides in the world of perfect frorms
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Plato
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: What the King, Church, or God says
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Medieval
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: What emerges from the "marketplace of ideas
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Milton
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists:What is verifiable, replicable, universal
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Enlightenment
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: What is filtered through individual perception
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Pragmatists
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: Linked truth to human rationality and intellect
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Plato
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: Believed truth was revealed only by God or the Church
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Medieval
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists:Believed that competing notions of truth should be allowed to co-exist with the ultimate truth eventually emerging
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Milton
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: believed in the Correspondence theory: truth should correspond to some external set of facts or observations
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Enlightenment
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A mechanism that allows journalists to divorce fact from opinion, process refusing to allow individual bias to influence sense of mission and coverage
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Objectivity
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: Held that the perception of truth depended on how it was investigated and on who was doing the investigating, truth was relative
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Pragmatists (not only one type of method of investigation)
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Greeks/Plato/Medieval/Milton/Enlightenment/Pragmatists: Proposed that knowledge and reality were not fixed by but were the result of an evolving stream of consciousness and learning
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Pragmatists
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What is the notion that context is literally everything, meaning cannot exist apart from it
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Postmodern philosophy
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Objective vs subjective: Not influenced by personal thoughts or opinions, dealing with things external to the mind, belonging to the object rather than the subject
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objective (subjective involves feelings of the subject)
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Pragmatic's critique on objectivity includes
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who writes the news
how the news is perceived |
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journalism term that represents an unwillingness to engage in independent thought and leave the group
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pack journalism
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journalistic term: the ticket to front-runner status and the front page is the
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scoop
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Ethical theory suggests that many cases revolve around which 2 questions?
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is it ethical to lie to liars
is withholding information the same thing as lying |
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Using the correct facts and the right words and putting things in context
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accuracy
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writing articles that are able to withstand scrutiny inside and outside the newsroom
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confirmation
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knowing when a story is important enough to require additional effort, both personal and institutional
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tenacity
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leaving the subject of a story as much self-respect as possible
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dignity
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treating others as you wish to be treated
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reciprocity
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allocating adequate resources to important issues
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sufficiency
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seeking justice for all involved in controversial issues and treating all sources and subjects equaly
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equity
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valuing social cohesion
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community
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covering all segments of the audience fairly and adequately
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diversity
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The four premises for moral development:
1 Moral development occurs _. 2 Moral development parallels _. 3 Moral development occurs in a series of _. 4 Moral development comes through_. |
1 within the individual
2. intellectual development 3.universal unvarying and hierarchical stages 4.conflict |
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Who studied the moral development of children in the 30s
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Jean Piaget
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First stage of moral development is classified under which notion
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Egocentrism.. no coherent rules excepted by all, do b/c it feels right (children making up own rules)
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Second stage of moral development is classified under which notion
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Heteronomy...rules enforced with consequence of punishment
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Third stage of moral development is classified under which notion
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Autonomy.. rules are internalized and understand reasons behind them, ensure fair playing
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T or F: Kohlberg had the six moral stages and that duty should be to tell the truth and obligations to the public and public trust
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true
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stage 1 of kohlbergs morals, the display of simple obedience
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heteronomous morality
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stage 2 of kohlbergs morals, the emergence of self interest
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individualism
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stage 3 of kohlbergs morals, living up to what others expect given ones role
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interpersonal confomity
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stage 4 of kohlbergs morals, the recognition that one must fulfill the duties to which one has agreed
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social systems
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stage 5 of kohlbergs morals, becoming aware that one is obligated by whatever laws are agreed to by due process
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social contract and individual rights
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stage 6 of kohlbergs morals, principles are to be followed even if laws violate those principles
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universal ethical principles
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proponents of ethics of care say that moral development arises from understanding the concept of?
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we
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Carol Gilligan's notion of moral development can best be linked with which other theory/notion?
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Communitarianism with emphasis on connection to community and its mandate for social justice
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T or F: An important part of moral development is the recognition that motive not consequence is the critical factor in deciding whether an act is ethical
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True
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Class involves which 4 things
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Education, Wealth, Occupation, and Income
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most citizens say they are?
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middle class
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Aristotle thought that what was the ultimate human good?
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Flourishing/happiness
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Who said that act is only justified if it was performed from duty
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Immanuel Kant
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Ralph Potter's box consists of what 4 things?
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Facts, Values, Principles, Loyalty
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Plato and Socrates loyalty involved to who?
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service to God
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Believed that social nature of loyalty: people’s moral and/or political obligations depend on agreement (social contract) between/among the people involved
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Thomas Hobbes (loyalty may have limits)
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Who believed that Loyalty could be single guiding ethical principle and that loyalty is a social act of choice; can be learned/ honed; promotes self-realization.
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Josiah Royce
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Who disagreed with Piaget and Kohlberg on the following:
Moral development does not always occur in a series of universal, unvarying and hierarchical stages Moral growth emerges through understanding the concept of community, not merely through conflict. |
Carol Gilligan
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What perspective emerges from the understanding 'I'
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rights-based perspective
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