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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Origin of Normative Theories
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Developed to describe an ideal way for media systems to be structured and operate
First Amendment absolutists (Libertarian) Technocratic control (authoritarian) |
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First Amendment absolutists (Libertarian)
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Takes notion of free press literally, to mean that there should be NO restrictions or controls: “Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom of speech or of the press”
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Technocratic control (authoritarian)
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Media should be closely regulated by a government agency or commission because media cannot be trusted to communicate responsibly or serve the public’s needs.
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Origin of Libertarian Thought
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John Milton's Areopagitica (1644)
“For the Liberty of UNLICENC'D PRINTING, To the PARLAMENT of ENGLAND Advocates the “self-righting principle” - In a fair debate truth will always win out Thus, free speech (fair debate) is in the public interest, and suppressing the truth is not in the public interest |
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The First Amendment to the Bill of Rights
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“Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.”
What does this mean? "No law“ There are laws against libel, child pornography, false advertising, etc. "Speech“ not all speech is equal "The press“ not all mediums are equal |
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(laissez-faire approach)
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Let the market regulate itself
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Chicago School
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argued that marketplace of ideas leads to domination by socially elite groups
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Professionalism
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efforts to clean up media (in wake of yellow journalism) and make it respectable & credible
Creation of professional codes: Intended formalize the idea of the press as “watchdog” Intended to eliminate sensational & irresponsible content Limits of professionalism |
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Social Responsibility Theory
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Strengths
Values media responsibility & audience responsibility Limits government intrusion but allows reasonable government control of media Values diversity and pluralism Appeals to best instincts (media practitioners & audiences) Limitations Too optimistic about media’s willingness to meet responsibilities & about individual responsibility Underestimates power of profit motive and competition Legitimizes status quo |
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A Bloggers Code of Ethics (2003)
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1. Be Honest and Fair
2. Minimize Harm 3. Be Accountable |
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Functional Analysis
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Robert Merton
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Functionalism
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Society = “organism” whose parts (including media) function together to maintain essential processes
◦Contrasts to Lasswell’s “transmission” model: (“Who says what to whom with what effect?”) Merton argued for developing “theories of the middle range,” intended to explain a limited aspect of human behavior or social action Advocated functional analysis: ◦Manifest Functions ◦Latent Functions |
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Manifest Functions
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intended, easily observed
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Latent Functions
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unintended, less easily observed
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Surveillance
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news, information
+news necessary to society, warnings - panic, fear - narcotizing dysfunction: apathy, too much to assimilate (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1948) |
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Correlation
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selects, interprets, criticizes
+enforces social norms, creates consensus, checks on government - enhances conformity, perpetuates stereotypes, tyranny of majority |
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Transmission of culture
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+ widens base of common experience, socialization
- reduces subculture differences, standardization, lack of personal contact |
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Entertainment
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4. Entertainment
+Fills leisure time, respite from problems, mass access to art, music * Mendelsohn’s (1966) Mass Entertainment Theory - encourages escapism, corrupts fine art, lowers taste |
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Functions of Media (Wright)
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Surveillance
Correlation Transmission of culture Entertainment |
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Wesley McLean Model
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Events in the environment
Communicators/Sources Gatekeepers Audience Key ideas: Gatekeeping Selection in news construction Feedback |
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Evaluation of Wesley- Mclean model
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+ Moves beyond linear models of communication, and includes feedback
+ Includes the role of selection by information owners and media organizations + Aware of difference between reality & “constructed reality” - Does not address causal relationships - Ignores the substance of communication |
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Social Learning Theory
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Albert Bandura
Bandura is a psychologist at Stanford University He developed SLT/SCT in response to Operant Learning Theory: ◦According to Operant Learning Theory, for an animal to learn, behavior must be performed and reinforced ◦But this model cannot explain the rapid and extensive learning of young children |
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Operant Learning Theory
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for an animal to learn, behavior must be performed and reinforced
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Vicarious reinforcement
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Rewards/punishments observed happening to someone else (not directly experienced)
◦Reinforcement contingencies influence behavior |
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Some Effects of Observing Others:
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1. Imitation (copying an exact behavior)
2. Inhibition 3. Disinhibition 4. Abstract rule acquisition |
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Agressive Cues
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Leonard Berkovitz
Media content linked to violence can function as aggressive “cue” |
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Catharsis
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Seymour Freshback
Feelings of aggression can be "drained" by viewing media violence This idea is NOT supported by research |
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Drabman & Thomas
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3rd/4th graders watched either a violent TV show or no TV show
Afterwards, child was asked to “keep tabs” on preschoolers in another room (via TV monitor) The preschoolers: ◦played quietly ◦then began calling each other names ◦then overturned furniture ◦then assaulted each other physically Who went for help before physical violence began? ◦No film: 58% ◦Violent film: 17% |
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Harrison & Cantor (1999):
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fear responses
retrospective approach “Have you ever been so scared by a television program or movie that the effects lasted even after the program or movie was over?” They content-analyzed college students’ descriptions of previous incidents |
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Socialization
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Process by which societies pass on norms and values of society to successive generations
Process by which people learn what is needed to function effectively within society, such as beliefs, values, expectations for social behavior |
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Agents of socialization
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1. Family 4. Religious organizations
2. Peers 5. Media 3. School 6. Celebrities |
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Nabi & Clark
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Social Cognitive Theory: Key factors
Exposure to sexual behavior ◦Characteristics of the models ◦Vicarious reinforcements Schemas of TV serials influence what viewers expect to happen ◦This can affect perceptions of events ◦For example, what do we expect when lead characters on TV series face major threats? |
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technocratic control
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direct regulation of media, most often by government agency or commission
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social responsibility theory
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a normative theory that substitutes media industry and public responsibility for total media freedom on the one hand and for external control on the other
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authoritarian theory
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a normative theory that places all forms of communication under the control of a governing elite or authorities
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self-righting principle
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milton's idea that a fair debate, good and truthful arguments will win over lies and deceit
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marketplace of ideas
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in libertarianism,the notion that all ideas should be put before the public, and the public will choose the best from the "marketplace"
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laisez-faire doctrine
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the idea that government shall allow business to operate freely and without official intrusion
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Fourth estate
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media as ain independent social institution that ensures that other institutions serve the public
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video news release
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report produced by an outside organization, typically a public relations firm, that is distributed free of charge to television stations
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bloggers
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writers who maintain blogs, regularly updated online journals of news and opinion
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chicago school
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social researchers at the University of Chicago in the 940's who envisioned modern "Great Communities" made up of interrelated small groups
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pluralistic groups
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In a Great Community, the various segments defined by specific unifying characteristics
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local organization rule
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rule requiring local cable television companies to carry community-based acess channels
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Balkanzine
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dividing a country, culture, or society into antagonistic subgroups
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enterprise reporting
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original reporting, typically initiated by a specific media outlet
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developmental media theory
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a normative theory calling for government and media to work in partnership to ensure that media assist in the planned beneficial dvelopment of country
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democratic- participant theory
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a normative theory advocating media support for cultural pluralism at a grassroots level
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western concept
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a normative theory combining aspects of Libertarianism and social responsibility theory
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development concept
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a normative theory describing systems in which government and media work in concert to ensure that the media aid the planned, beneficial development of a given nation
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revolutionary concept
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a nromative theory describing a system in which media are used in the service of revolution
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authoritarian concept
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a normative theory advocating the complete domination of media by government for the purpose of forcing those media to serve government
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communism concept
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a normative theory advocating the complete domination of media by a communist government for the purpose of forcing those media to serve the sommunist party
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transitional media approach
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a less category-based, more flexible approach to evaluating media systems than traditional normative theory
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functionalism
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theoretical approach that concieves of social systems as living organisms whose various parts work, or function, together to maintain essential processes
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communication systems theory
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theory that examines the mass communication process as composed of interrelated parts that work together to meet some goal.
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social cognitive theory
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theory of learning through interaction with the environment tht involves reciprocal causation of behavior, personal factors and environmental events
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manifest functions
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intended and observed consequences of media use
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latent functions
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unintended and less easily observed consequences of media use
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classic four functions of media
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surveillance, correlation, transmisison of the social heritage and entertainment
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narcotizing dysfunction
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theory that as news about an issue inundates people, they become apathetic to it, substituting knowing about that issue for action on it
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mass entertainment theory
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theory asserting that television and other mass media, because they relax or otherwise entertain average people, platform a vital social function
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system
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any set of interelated parts that can influence and control on another through communication and feedback loops
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cybernetics
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the study of regulation and control in complex systems
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feedback loops
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ongoing mutual adjustments in systems
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communication systems
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systems that function primarily to facilitate communication
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model
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representation of a system
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goal oriented
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characterisitc of a system that serves a specific overlaa or long term purpose
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transmissional model
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view of media as mere senders or transmitters
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social learning
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imitation + identification to explain how ppl learn
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behavior repertoire
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the learned responses available to an individual in a given situation
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negative reinforcer
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stimulus whose removal increseas the probability of a particular behavior
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modeling
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acousition of behaviors through observation
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social promoting
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demosntration of previously leared behavior when it is observed or acceptable
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priming effects
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idea that presentations in the media heighten the likelyhood that people will develop thoughs about those things in real world
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cognitive neoassociationistic perspective
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frequent viewing of violent media portraylas primes particular constructs making them more likely to be used in behavioral decisions
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contextual variables
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the info surrounding the presenation of mediated violence
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seven contextual variables
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reward punishment
consequences motive realism humor identification arousal |
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active theory
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view of television cosumption tha assumes viewer comprehention causes attention and effects or no effwcts
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viewing schema
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interpretational skills that aid people in understanding media content conventions
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active audience theories
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theories that focus on assessing what ppl do with media
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developmental perspective
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the view of learning from media that specifies different intellectual communication stages in childs life
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early window
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media allow children to see the world before they have the skill to act in it
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hegemonic culture
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culture imposed from above or outside that serves interests of those in dominant societal positions
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political economic theory
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focus on social elites use of economic power to exploit media
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critical theories
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epousing values and using them to criticize the status quo
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qualitative methods
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highlight essenial differences in phenomena
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grand social theories
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highly ambitious, macroscopic speculative
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marxist theory
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hierarchical class systems are the root of all problems and must be ended
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high culture
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set of cultural artifacts that humans judge to have highest value
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culture industries
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mass media that turn high culture and folk culture into commodities sold for profit
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pluralistic public forum
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in critical theory the idea that media may provide place to challenge elites
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transmittional perspective
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as merely the process of transmitting messages
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ritual perspective
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representaiton of shared beliefs where reality is produced maintained repaired transformed
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technological determinist
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a personw ho believes that all social, economic, political change is inevitable based on development of technology
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bias of communication
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technology makes centralization of power inevitable
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global village
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media tie to the entire world
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the extensions of man
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media literary extend sight hearing and touch though time and space
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active-audience theories
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theories that focus on what ppl do with media
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uses and gratifications approach
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focusing on uses to which ppl put media and gratifications they seek
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fraction of selection
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schramms graphic description of how individuals make media content choices based on expectation of reward
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reception studies
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audience centered theory that focuses on how various types of audience memebers make sense of specific forms of content.
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polysemic
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text is ambitious and interpretable
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moderate effects theories
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mas communication theories that conceptualize media as capable of inducing important effects under certain conditions
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info processing theory
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mechanistic analogies to describe and interpret how ppl deal with all stimuli
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elaboration likelyhood model
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seeks to explain the level of elaboration, effort brought by evaluating mesages
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