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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the basis for modern computing
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ENIAC
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the first modern computer
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ENIAC
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What are the 3 things that made ENIAC a modern computer?
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(1.) all electronic, (2.) memory, (3.) programmable
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a device, usually made of silicon, that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit
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transistor
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they make computers work and made modern personal computing possible
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transistors
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Rear Adm. Grace Hopper created _____, a programming language still used for large computers for business. She is also remembered for her involvement in early computers, especially early _____, and discovered "_____."
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COBOL; programming language; "bugs"
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hailed as the first "personal computer"
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Altair 880
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Why was the Altair 8800 important?
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The Altair 8800 was the first time someone had come up with the idea of building a box to put a CPU in along with some additional circuitboards for memory, etc. However, the Altair 8800 was essentially useless until Bill Gates and Paul Allen created programming that made it useful.
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_____ and _____, two Harvard dropouts, "ported" the computer language called _____ to make the Altair easy-to-use and essentially made the Altair USEFUL. They later founded _____ in 1975.
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Bill Gates; Paul Allen; Basic; Microsoft
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_____ and _____, the founders of Apple, made a computer in the garage called _____.
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Steve Jobs; Steve Wozniak; Apple I
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the first useful personal computer
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Apple II
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In the 1970s, personal computing took two paths -- the ____ path and _____ path. It wasn't until _____ came along that they were standardized.
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PC; Mac; IBM
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_____ needed an operating system to run its first personal computer, which came in the form of _____ (_____) created by Gates & Allen.
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IBM; Disk Operating System (DOS)
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Why was the Apple Macintosh revolutionary in terms of desktop publishing?
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The Apple Macintosh was the first mass-produced computer with a GUI interface.
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means that most functions depend on graphics and that you can do things to graphic
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GUI (graphical user interface)
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Originally, printing with Macs looked jaggy and cheap because images were described as a series of dots on _____, but in 1985 _____.
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dot matrix printers; laser printers
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Adobe PostScript is a _____.
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page description language
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Adobe PostScript is a page description language, meaning what?
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It described images and produced high resolution images.
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Adobe PostScript is a _____ and is _____-based.
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page description language; vector
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What 3 things were necessary for the revolution in publishing to take place?
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(1.) Adobe PostScript, (2.) Laser printers (that could understand PostScript), (3.) Adobe PageMaker
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describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output bitmap
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page description language
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_____ was the first page composition program.
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Adobe PageMaker
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Why was Adobe PageMaker revolutionary?
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Adobe PageMaker revolutionized publishing because it allowed independent designers to produce camera-ready copy.
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Microsoft's own _____ was called Windows.
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GUI interface
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A _____, or binary digit, is what computers understand at their most fundamental level. It can be represented by _____ or _____, or even more fundamentally, "_____ or _____." By stringing together a bunch of _____, you can represent _____, _____, etc.
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bit; 0; 1; on; off; bits; letters; numbers
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the tiniest unit of information
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bit
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it is the fundamental unit of information that virtually all computers work with
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bit
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A byte is _____ bits.
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8
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A _____ is 8 bits.
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byte
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With just different combinations of on and off, you can represent _____ different things in 8 bit long bytes.
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256
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usually means 1 thousand
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kilo
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about a thousand
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kilo
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1 kilobyte = _____ bytes specifically
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1,024
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usually means 1 million
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mega
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about a million
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mega
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usually means 1 billion
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giga
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about a billion
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giga
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usually means 1 trillion
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tera
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about a trillion
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tera
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yotta = _____
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2^80
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2^80 = _____
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yotta
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another way of saying "plain text"; the universally interchangeable defined text format for microcomputers
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ASCII
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means that the power of the chip doubles every 18 months or so
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Moore's law
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essentially the idea that the power of computers doubles every 2 years, and given that nature of exponential increase computers keep increasing their capabilities.
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Moore's law
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the "brains" of the computer
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central processing unit (CPU)
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_____ (_____) disappears when the computer is off. The more of this, the faster the computer.
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random access memory; RAM
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what your operating system creates when you run out of RAM and uses it as an extension of your normal memory
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virtual memory
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the active part of memory that is being used as you are doing all of the operations and using applications
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random access memory (RAM)
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_____ (_____) is coded onto the hard drive and stays/remains the same even when the electricity turns off.
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read-only memory (ROM)
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a program enacted when you turn on the electricity that allows the operating system to be loaded onto the computer
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bootstrap program
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software that manages the hardware and software of the computer and allows applications (software) to use the hardware simply; controls all aspects of the computer and coordinates everything, such as telling the keyboard how to interact with the CPU
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operating system
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a _____ is a collection of letters with a particular shape, so Times represents a _____ of _____. A _____ is a particular example of this -- Times New Roman.
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typeface; family; typefaces; font
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A _____ type is recommended for body copy. Why?
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serif; readership studies have shown that people like serif for reading because the serifs help speed the reader along
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recommended for headlines and display where small amounts of copy will be used
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sans serif
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space between the lines is called _____.
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leading
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refers to the relative ability to put a certain amount of text in a certain space. Typefaces that are this allow you to put more words/type in a given space than one that does not have this quality.
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efficiency
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the height of a lower-case letter
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x-height
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What are the 5 factors to consider when choosing font?
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(1.) font, (2.) point size, (3.) leading, (4.) line length, (5.) weight
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There are _____ points in an inch.
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72
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If you measure type in points, if you see a headline in a story that is an inch high, it would be _____ points high.
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72
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_____ to _____ point size is the typical range for body copy.
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9; 12
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small type that legal notices and classifieds are put in
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agit type
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the _____ represents the x-height
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baseline
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adjusting (and generally reducing) the space between pairs of letters so that the effect of letters being side-by-side looks good.
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kerning
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a vertical measurement used for type
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point
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may be used for vertical or horizontal measurement
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pica
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In typography, we use _____ and _____ in the same way that we use inches in measurement.
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points; picas
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We always measure text in _____, but other things such as picture elements, the size of a story box, etc. will be measured in a _____.
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points; a combination of picas and points
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_____ points = 1 pica
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12
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12 points = _____ pica(s)
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1
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_____ points = 1 inch
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72
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72 points = _____ inch(es)
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1
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6 picas = _____ inch(es)
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1
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_____ picas = 1 inch
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6
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How many picas are there in an inch?
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6
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At the point where you have 1 inch on your pica ruler, you have _____ pica points.
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6
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The example 10p6 means 10 _____ and 6 _____.
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picas; points
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What are two reasons you should learn to use picas?
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(1.) using picas can make your measuring chores easier and assist in locating accurate measurements QUICKLY, (2.) you will never use anything more than a WHOLE OR HALF NUMBER with pica measurement
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the white space between lines
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leading
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_____ is the white space between lines. Normal _____ for 10 point type is an additional _____ points. This is expressed as _____, or _____/_____.
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leading; leading; 2; 10/2; point size/leading
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Normal leading is _____ of type size, i.e. 10/12.
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20%
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means the type spec and the leading spec are the same
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solid leading
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this would mean there is no white space in between
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solid leading
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the leading spec is smaller than the type spec
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negative leading
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10/9 is an example of _____.
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negative leading
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this doesn't mean that letters are going to hit each other; they will only hit each other if you have ascenders and descenders coming together at the same point
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negative leading
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when you use leading that is greater than 20%
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extra leading
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12/16 is an example of _____.
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extra leading
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What are the 3 concepts relating to type?
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(1.) concordant, (2.) contrast, (3.) conflict
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you are mixing text not by having different families of type but by using variations within the same family
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concordant
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using different styles of the same typeface
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concordant
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concordance as a design elements tend to be
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rather calm and forma; it does the job, but it doesn't jump off the page so if you are looking for punch then you want to do something else
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when you pick typefaces or families that look good in relation to each other but that are significantly different
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contrast
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often means you'll be picking serif and sans serif
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contrast
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when you've taken two typefaces that are so similar to each other that you have the feeling that there has been a mistake
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conflict
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when two or more typefaces on the same page are similar -- not really different, but not really the same
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conflict
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an indentation that is equal to the square of the type you are using
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em space
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_____ measurements are important in determining indent space in body copy.
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em
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an _____ is the square of the type size being used
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em
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An em is the _____ of the type size being used, i.e. for 12 point type, an em is _____.
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square; 12
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exactly half of an em
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en space
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If we said indent Em + En for a 36 point font, it would be _____.
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54
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blurbs and pull quotes are examples of
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breakouts
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white texts on a black background
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reverse
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a boxed story with a gray background
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overprint
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The defining feature of _____ graphics, also known as _____ graphics, is that the picture is defined on a pixel-by-pixel basis/it is pixel-based.
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paint-type; bitmap;
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_____ is the same as bitmap
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paint-type graphics
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the smallest element of a screen
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pixel
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When you are drawing with a paint-type program, what is actually happening is that the computer is mapping out what colors there are at every individual pixel level. This is known as a _____.
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bitmap
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based on the underlying idea of mapping out where all the different color elements are
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paint-type programs
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_____ is the standard uncompressed file format for paint-type images or high-resolution photos.
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TIFF
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When you want maximum resolution with no compression, save as _____.
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TIFF
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TIFF is something that is saved as a _____ format.
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bitmap
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_____ graphics programs do not use bitmaps, they use _____.
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draw-type; vectors
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_____ means math-based; all of the objects are defined by underlying mathematical formulas.
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vector
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Adobe PostScript is a high-powered _____-based page description language; everything in it works on the idea of _____.
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vector; vectors
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In a vector program, everything you are drawing is an _____.
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object
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_____ images look highly stylized because of constraints and the way they are created.
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vector
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Why would you ever prefer a vector art program to a bitmap program that lets you make things more realistic?
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In a vector-based program, anything you draw is infinitely scalable.
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"_____" is a stair-step effect that appears with _____ graphics.
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jaggies; bitmap
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WHen you need something to be scalable so that you can make it bigger or smaller without a change in quality, you would prefer _____ or _____-type images. If you need something that looks realistic but that you do not need to scale up or down, then you would probably want a _____ or _____ image.
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vector; draw-type; paint; bitmap
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Photoshop works in _____ layers and is _____-based.
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vector; object
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How much does a hen weigh? (extra credit)
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About 5 pounds.
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What are the 4 guidelines to achieve an effective layout?
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(1.) contrast, (2.) alignment, (3.) repetition, (4.) proximity
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greatly different things (shapes, sizes, etc.); by having these elements on a page, you can achieve an aesthetic result
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contrast
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when things have this, they give a neat look to your publication
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alignment
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in a multi-page publication, you are going to have certain elements re-appear and you want those elements to be treated in the same way; this helps tie a publication together and gives it a sense of unity
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repetition
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the idea is that you group related things together and put things that are alike in the same area, giving a logical look to your layout
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proximity
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Those items necessary to design a print document are identified as _____.
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elements
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What are the 3 major groupings of elements?
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(1.) art, (2.) copy, (3.) white space
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Layout is the arrangement of elements within space with regard to _____.
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proportion
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_____ is the key to layout and compares the relationship of elements -- their sizes and their placement.
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proportion
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What are the 3 major division points?
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(1.) The Golden Mean, (2.) The Largest Square Possible, (3.) The Optical Center
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divides vertical space into eight equal parts; three-eighths down the space locates this, which is useful if there is only one major element to place
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The Golden Mean
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The Golden Mean is achieved by placing a division point where you have a _____ to _____ ratio.
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3; 5
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the idea that proportionate division of rectangular space is best accomplished by the square
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the largest square possible
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The _____ is where the eye would rest in a space if there were no elements other than white space. Therefore, we can use this to create visual attention and direction. It is located _____% above the actual center.
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Optical Center; 10
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The Optical Center is a way to center things in a _____ sense so that things are evenly weighted top to bottom and not literally weighted top to bottom.
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perceptual
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_____ are borders of space around the text on your pages that serve as boundaries for type.
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margins
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_____ margins all around the page restrict movement and create dullness; _____ margins are uneven and create movement.
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equal; progressive
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Equal margins are generally bad. Why?
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Because equal margins are dull and lifeless.
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_____ is what's inside of the margin.
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live area
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_____ is outside the live area to the edge of the page.
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bleed area
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the logical division of horizontal space
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column
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A good guideline for a minimum length for a column is about _____ picas.
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10
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The _____ is the mot basic approach to the grid and modular design. It provides simplicity and pleasing proportion.
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square
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Modern layout tends to be _____ or rectangular.
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modular
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A _____ is characterized by rectangular shapes fitting together in ways that contrast -- horizontal and vertical elements.
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module
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A module is characterized by _____ shapes fitting together in ways that contrast -- horizontal and vertical elements.
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rectangular
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Readership studies have shown that the eye travels in an inverted _____ pattern.
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6
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the idea behind this is that you do not have to have uniform widths for your columns; you can have an underlying column division that has, for example, 7, 14, and 21 inches. This is common in textbooks, with text in the first 2/3rd and the last 1/3rd used to explain key terms, etc.
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1-2-3 Grid
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an unorthodox division of vertical and horizontal space establishing unevens and creating movement
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1-2-3 Grid
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crossing the margins and going to the outside of the page
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bleeding
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the area in between two pages
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the cutter
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a hatchet or irregularly shaped story
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armpit
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